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Bulk temperature. In thermofluids dynamics, the bulk temperature, or the average bulk temperature in the thermal fluid, is a convenient reference point for evaluating properties related to convective heat transfer, particularly in applications related to flow in pipes and ducts. The concept of the bulk temperature is that adiabatic mixing of ...
Taking water with a bulk fluid average temperature of 20 °C (68 °F), viscosity 10.07 × 10 −4 Pa.s and a heat transfer surface temperature of 40 °C (104 °F) (viscosity 6.96 × 10 −4 Pa.s, a viscosity correction factor for (/) can be obtained as 1.45.
[citation needed] The bulk temperature, or the average fluid temperature, is a convenient reference point for evaluating properties related to convective heat transfer, particularly in applications related to flow in pipes and ducts. Further classification can be made depending on the smoothness and undulations of the solid surfaces.
In thermodynamics, the heat transfer coefficient or film coefficient, or film effectiveness, is the proportionality constant between the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat (i.e., the temperature difference, ΔT ). It is used in calculating the heat transfer, typically by convection or phase transition between a ...
Forced convection is a mechanism, or type of transport, in which fluid motion is generated by an external source (like a pump, fan, suction device, etc.). Alongside natural convection, thermal radiation, and thermal conduction it is one of the methods of heat transfer and allows significant amounts of heat energy to be transported very efficiently.
Ducts move with changes in internal temperature. Ducts are assumed to have the same temperature as their internal gasses, which may be up to 900 °F. If the internal duct temperature exceeds 1000 °F, refractory lining is used to minimize the duct surface temperature. At 1000 °F, ducts may grow approximately 5/8 inch per 10 feet of length.
(The Center Square) – After Republicans won races statewide, especially in South Texas, the chair of the Texas Democratic Party, Gilberto Hinojosa, said he plans to resign next year after ...
The laws of thermodynamics imply the following relations between these two heat capacities (Gaskell 2003:23): Here is the thermal expansion coefficient: is the isothermal compressibility (the inverse of the bulk modulus): and is the isentropic compressibility: A corresponding expression for the difference in specific heat capacities (intensive ...