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Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) are mobile genetic elements present in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.In a donor cell, ICEs are located primarily on the chromosome, but have the ability to excise themselves from the genome and transfer to recipient cells via bacterial conjugation.
Schematic structure of an antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) Antibody–drug conjugates or ADCs are a class of biopharmaceutical drugs designed as a targeted therapy for treating cancer. [1] Unlike chemotherapy, ADCs are intended to target and kill tumor cells while sparing healthy cells. As of 2019, some 56 pharmaceutical companies were ...
The nucleophilic lysine residue is commonly targeted site in protein bioconjugation, typically through amine-reactive N-hydroxysuccinimidyl (NHS) esters. [3] To obtain optimal number of deprotonated lysine residues, the pH of the aqueous solution must be below the pKa of the lysine ammonium group, which is around 10.5, so the typical pH of the reaction is about 8 and 9.
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. [1] This takes place through a pilus .
and : are continuous functions on topological spaces, and . being topologically semiconjugate to means, by definition, that is a surjection such that =.. and being topologically conjugate means, by definition, that they are topologically semiconjugate and is furthermore injective, then bijective, and its inverse is continuous too; i.e. is a homeomorphism; further, is termed a topological ...
A conjugate vaccine is a type of subunit vaccine which combines a weak antigen with a strong antigen as a carrier so that the immune system has a stronger response to the weak antigen. Vaccines are used to prevent diseases by invoking an immune response to an antigen, part of a bacterium or virus that the immune system recognizes. [ 2 ]
A schematic representation of negative hyperconjugation. In real systems, several of the hydrogens are replaced with other functional groups. In organic chemistry, negative hyperconjugation is the donation of electron density from a filled π- or p-orbital to a neighboring σ *-orbital. [1]
The intervening sequence of nucleotides between the initial sequence and the reverse complement can be any length including zero. For example, 5'---TTACGnnnnnn CGTAA---3' is an inverted repeat sequence. When the intervening length is zero, the composite sequence is a palindromic sequence. [2]