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The endocrine glands belong to the body's control system. The hormones which they produce help to regulate the functions of cells and tissues throughout the body. Endocrine organs are activated to release their hormones by humoral, neural, or hormonal stimuli. Negative feedback is important in regulating hormone levels in the blood.
The alpha cells of the pancreas secrete hormones to maintain homeostatic blood sugar. Insulin is produced and excreted to lower blood sugar to normal levels. Glucagon, another hormone produced by alpha cells, is secreted in response to low blood sugar levels; glucagon stimulates glycogen stores in the liver to release sugar into the bloodstream ...
The pituitary gland (or hypophysis) is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing 0.5 grams (0.018 oz) in humans. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica) covered by a dural fold (diaphragma sellae).
Endocrinology (from endocrine + -ology) is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones.It is also concerned with the integration of developmental events proliferation, growth, and differentiation, and the psychological or behavioral activities of metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sleep ...
Other hormones, called prohormones, must be activated in certain cells through a series of steps that are usually tightly controlled. [8] The endocrine system secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream, typically via fenestrated capillaries, whereas the exocrine system secretes its hormones indirectly using ducts.
Endocrine component: Heterocrine glands produce hormones, which are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to target organs or tissues. These hormones play a vital role in regulating numerous physiological processes, such as metabolism, growth, and the immune response. Exocrine component: In addition to their endocrine function ...
T 3 and T 4 are released into the blood. The hormones secreted from the gland are about 80–90% T 4 and about 10–20% T 3. [36] [37] Deiodinase enzymes in peripheral tissues remove the iodine from MIT and DIT and convert T 4 to T 3 and RT 3. [34] This is a major source of both RT 3 (95%) and T 3 (87%) in peripheral tissues. [38]
The hypothalamus produces the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin in its endocrine cells (left). These are released at nerve endings in the posterior pituitary gland and then secreted into the systemic circulation. The hypothalamus releases tropic hormones into the hypophyseal portal system to the anterior pituitary (right).