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  2. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    Argument from fallacy (also known as the fallacy fallacy) – the assumption that, if a particular argument for a "conclusion" is fallacious, then the conclusion by itself is false. [ 5 ] Base rate fallacy – making a probability judgment based on conditional probabilities , without taking into account the effect of prior probabilities .

  3. Junkyard tornado - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkyard_tornado

    The junkyard tornado argument has been taken out of its original context by theists to argue for intelligent design, and has since become a mainstay in the rejection of evolution by religious groups, even though Fred Hoyle declared himself an atheist, [1] and even though the junkyard tornado argument is considered a fallacy in its original ...

  4. List of paradoxes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paradoxes

    These paradoxes may be due to fallacious reasoning , or an unintuitive solution . The term paradox is often used to describe a counter-intuitive result. However, some of these paradoxes qualify to fit into the mainstream viewpoint of a paradox, which is a self-contradictory result gained even while properly applying accepted ways of reasoning .

  5. Undesigned coincidences - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undesigned_Coincidences

    In Christian apologetics, the argument from undesigned coincidences aims to support the historical reliability of the Bible.So named by J.J. Blunt, based on previous work by William Paley, [1] [2] an undesigned coincidence is said to have occurred when an account of one event in the Bible omits a piece or pieces of information which is filled in, seemingly coincidentally, by a different ...

  6. Fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy

    [12] Thus, "fallacious arguments usually have the deceptive appearance of being good arguments, [13] because for most fallacious instances of an argument form, a similar but non-fallacious instance can be found". Evaluating an instance of an argument as fallacious is therefore often a matter of evaluating the context of the argument.

  7. An Illustrated Book of Bad Arguments - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Illustrated_Book_of_Bad...

    An Illustrated Book of Bad Arguments is a book on critical thinking written by Ali Almossawi and illustrated by Alejandro Giraldo. The book describes 19 logical fallacies using a set of illustrations, in which various cartoon characters participate. The online version of the book was published under a Creative Commons license on July 15, 2013. [1]

  8. Animistic fallacy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animistic_fallacy

    Sowell repeatedly dismisses the necessity that order comes from design, and notes that fallacious animistic arguments tend to provide explanations that require comparatively little time to implement. In this light he contrasts the six-day creation of the world described in the Bible to the development of life over billions of years described by ...

  9. Cartesian circle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_circle

    He goes on in the same Meditation to argue for the existence of a benevolent God, in order to defeat his skeptical argument in the first Meditation that God might be a deceiver. He then says that without his knowledge of God's existence, none of his knowledge could be certain. The Cartesian circle is a criticism of the above that takes this form: