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2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is an organic chemical compound consisting of two carboxylic acid groups attached to a central furan ring. It was first reported as dehydromucic acid by Rudolph Fittig and Heinzelmann in 1876, who produced it via the action of concentrated hydrobromic acid upon mucic acid . [ 2 ]
[2] References "Customs Act 1969 (amended 2008) Chapter V". Archived from the original on 2009-03-02. This page was last edited ... List of tariffs in Pakistan.
This is a disproportionation reaction and produces a 1:1 ratio of 2-furoic acid and furfuryl alcohol (a 50% yield of each). [6] It remains economical because both products have commercial value. The bio-catalytic route involves the microorganism Nocardia corallina. This produces 2-furoic acid in higher yields: 98% from 2-furfuryl alcohol and 88 ...
2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, oxidized furan derivative and important building block for range of polymers Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act , set of laws passed by Congress giving authority to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
[2] [3] As an aromatic polyester from ethylene glycol it is a chemical analogue of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). PEF has been described in (patent) literature since 1951, [ 4 ] but has gained renewed attention since the US department of energy proclaimed its building block, FDCA, as a potential bio-based ...
Of these the most important is 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, which has been proposed as a replacement for terephthalic acid in the production of polyesters. [20] [21] HMF can be converted to 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF), a liquid that is a potential biofuel with a greater energy content than bioethanol. Hydrogenation of HMF gives 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl ...
The pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan was estimated to be worth Rs. 748 billion (US$2.6 billion) in 2023, representing about 1% of the country's GDP. [1] The industry is largely import-dependent, with more than 90% of raw material being imported and only 12% of active pharmaceutical ingredients locally produced. [1]
Pages in category "Chemical companies of Pakistan" The following 4 pages are in this category, out of 4 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. B.