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Ruthenium is a rare and unreactive transition metal of the platinum group, discovered in 1844 by Karl Ernst Claus. It is mainly used in electrical contacts and resistors, and has various applications in catalysis, medicine, and alloys.
A data page showing the electron configurations of the neutral gaseous atoms in their ground states, from hydrogen to hassium. The configurations are given in concise form, with all subshells written out, and with the number of electrons per shell.
Electron atomic and molecular orbitals A Bohr diagram of lithium. In atomic physics and quantum chemistry, the electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals. [1]
The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell. Learn about the history, explanation and examples of the octet rule, as well as its relation to noble gases and quantum theory.
Hund's rules are a set of rules that determine the term symbol of the ground state of a multi-electron atom. The first rule is that the term with maximum multiplicity (number of unpaired electrons) has the lowest energy. See examples for silicon and titanium.
The Aufbau principle, also called the Aufbau rule, states that in the ground state of an atom or ion, electrons first fill subshells of the lowest available energy, then fill subshells of higher energy. Learn how to apply this principle to build up the electronic configurations of elements and ions, and how it relates to the periodic table and quantum mechanics.
Group 8 is a column of four transition metals in the periodic table: iron, ruthenium, osmium and hassium. Learn about their properties, history, uses and isotopes from this Wikipedia article.
Ruthenium can form oxides with oxidation states from +2 to +8, such as ruthenium (IV) oxide (RuO2) and ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4). Ruthenium also forms halides with fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, such as ruthenium trichloride (RuCl3) and ruthenium hexafluoride (RuF6).