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A block diagram is a diagram of a system in which the principal parts or functions are represented by blocks connected by lines that show the relationships of the blocks. [1] They are heavily used in engineering in hardware design , electronic design , software design , and process flow diagrams .
The block diagram below shows the basic elements and arrangement of a PLL based frequency synthesizer. Block diagram of a common type of PLL synthesizer. The key to the ability of a frequency synthesizer to generate multiple frequencies is the divider placed between the output and the feedback input.
They became a necessity in complex systems design to "understand thoroughly from exterior design the operation of the present system and the relationship of each of the parts to the whole." [3] Many specific types of functional block diagrams have emerged. For example, the functional flow block diagram is a combination of the functional block ...
A basic Direct Digital Synthesizer consists of a frequency reference (often a crystal or SAW oscillator), a numerically controlled oscillator (NCO) and a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) [5] as shown in Figure 1. The reference oscillator provides a stable time base for the system and determines the frequency accuracy of the DDS.
It was one of the earliest computer communication devices, used to attach teletypewriters for an operator console. It was also an early hardware system for the Internet. A UART is usually an individual (or part of an) integrated circuit (IC) used for serial communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port.
ASK diagram. ASK system can be divided into three blocks. The first one represents the transmitter, the second one is a linear model of the effects of the channel, the third one shows the structure of the receiver. The following notation is used: h t (f) is the carrier signal for the transmission; h c (f) is the impulse response of the channel
To digitally analyze and manipulate an analog signal, it must be digitized with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). [7] Sampling is usually carried out in two stages, discretization and quantization. Discretization means that the signal is divided into equal intervals of time, and each interval is represented by a single measurement of amplitude.
Analog discrete-time signal processing is a technology based on electronic devices such as sample and hold circuits, analog time-division multiplexers, analog delay lines and analog feedback shift registers. This technology was a predecessor of digital signal processing (see below), and is still used in advanced processing of gigahertz signals.