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Protective factors, such as positive social networks or high self-esteem, can counteract the effects of stressors and prevent or curb the effects of the disorder. [10] Many psychological disorders have a window of vulnerability, during which time an individual is more likely to develop a disorder than others. [11]
Conversely, a Risk factor will increase the chances of a negative health outcome occurring. Just as statistical correlations and regressions can examine how a range of independent variables impact a dependent variable, we can examine how many Protective and Risk factors contribute to the likelihood of an illness occurring.
The Nun Study of Aging and Alzheimer's Disease is a continuing longitudinal study, begun in 1986, to examine the onset of Alzheimer's disease. [1] [2] David Snowdon, an Epidemiologist and the founding Nun Study investigator, started the Nun Study at the University of Minnesota, later transferring the study to the University of Kentucky in 1990. [3]
Risk factors for mental illness include psychological trauma, adverse childhood experiences, genetic predisposition, and personality traits. [7] [8] Correlations between mental disorders and substance use are also found to have a two way relationship, in that substance use can lead to the development of mental disorders and having mental disorders can lead to substance use/abuse.
Epigenetic alterations of gene expression are closely related with developmental origins of the health and disease hypothesis. DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs are altered by the environment in the womb and potentially go on to produce higher rates of adult disease later in life. [17]
In one study, researchers conclude that prevention of loneliness in childhood may be a protective factor against depression in adulthood. [75] [74] Socially isolated children tend to have lower subsequent educational attainment, be part of a less advantaged social class in adulthood, and are more likely to be psychologically distressed in ...
Adults over 65 should get the pneumococcal vaccine, which protects against pneumococcal disease caused by bacteria, Dr. Kavasery says. These diseases include pneumonia, ear infections, sinus ...
[18] The concept of emerging adulthood is new, and likely developed due to growing numbers of college attendance and other social, economic, and cultural changes that have delayed typical markers of being an "adult". There are five main characteristics describing what Emerging Adulthood looks like.