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Some computer-controlled autoclaves use an F 0 (F-nought) value to control the sterilization cycle. F 0 values are set for the number of minutes of sterilization equivalent to 121 °C (250 °F) at 103 kPa (14.9 psi) above atmospheric pressure for 15 minutes. Since exact temperature control is difficult, the temperature is monitored, and the ...
By 2005, Colombia had one of the world's highest contraceptive usage rates at 76.9%, with female sterilization being the highest percentage of use at just over 30% (second highest is the IUD at around 12% and the pill around 10%) [79] (Measham and Lopez-Escobar 2007). In Colombia during the 1980s, sterilization was the second most popular ...
Typical steam sterilization cycles are between 3 and 30 minutes at 121–134 °C (250–273 °F) at 100 kPa (15 psi), but adjustments may be made depending on the bioburden of the article being sterilized, its resistance to steam sterilization, the article's heat tolerance, and the required sterility assurance level. Following the completion of ...
Of the 64% of married or in-union women worldwide using some form of contraception, approximately one fifth (19% of all women) used female sterilization as their contraception, making it the most common contraceptive method globally. [43] The percentage of women using female sterilization varies significantly between different regions of the world.
[9] Irish physician Francis Rynd is generally credited with the first successful injection in 1844, in the Meath Hospital in Dublin, Ireland. [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Alexander Wood 's main contribution was the all-glass syringe in 1851, which allowed the user to estimate dosage based on the levels of liquid observed through the glass. [ 12 ]
A Viking lander being prepared for dry heat sterilization – this remains the "gold standard" [1] of present-day planetary protection.. Planetary protection is a guiding principle in the design of an interplanetary mission, aiming to prevent biological contamination of both the target celestial body and the Earth in the case of sample-return missions.