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Actinomyces is a genus of the Actinomycetia class of bacteria.They all are Gram-positive and facultatively anaerobic, growing best under anaerobic conditions. [2] Actinomyces species may form endospores, and while individual bacteria are rod-shaped, Actinomyces colonies form fungus-like branched networks of hyphae. [3]
Schaalia turicensis (formerly Actinomyces turicensis) is a Gram-positive bacterium found in the flora of the oral cavity, gut, skin, and female urogenital tract. [2] S. turicensis is an important human pathogen of soft tissue infections in the lower body.
The three most common sites of infection are decayed teeth, the lungs, and the intestines. Actinomycosis infections are typically polymicrobial, containing additional bacterial species; as Actinomyces itself has little invasive ability, these other species often aid in the infection process. [9]
Actinomycetales are generally gram-positive and anaerobic and have mycelia in a filamentous and branching growth pattern. Some actinomycetes can form rod- or coccoid-shaped forms, while others can form spores on aerial hyphae. Actinomycetales bacteria can be infected by bacteriophages, which are called actinophages. Actinomycetales can range ...
Actinomycosis is most frequently caused by A. israelii. [4] It is a normal colonizer of the vagina, [5] colon, and mouth. [6] Infection is established first by a breach of the mucosal barrier during various procedures (dental, gastrointestinal), aspiration, or pathologies such as diverticulitis. [7]
Most Actinomycetota of medical or economic significance are in class Actinomycetia, and belong to the order Actinomycetales. While many of these cause disease in humans, Streptomyces is notable as a source of antibiotics. [10] Of those Actinomycetota not in the Actinomycetales, Gardnerella is one of the most researched.
Multiple-week antibiotic therapies have cured actinomycotic infections caused by A. viscosus in every recorded case. [1] Therapies include treatment with penicillin, sulfadimethoxine, flucloxacillin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and ticarcillin. [1] A. viscosus is usually resistant to vancomycin, metronidazole, cefalexin, and dicloxacillin. [1]
It is the causative agent of lumpy jaw in cattle, and occasionally causes actinomycosis infections in humans. [3] A. bovis normally populates the gastrointestinal tract of healthy ruminants , but is opportunistic in nature and will move into tissues through ulcerations or abrasions of the mucosa to cause infection. [ 4 ]