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where N v is the vacancy concentration, Q v is the energy required for vacancy formation, k B is the Boltzmann constant, T is the absolute temperature, and N is the concentration of atomic sites i.e. = where ρ is density, N A the Avogadro constant, and M the molar mass. It is the simplest point defect.
For example, the defect may result in an ion on its own ion site or a vacancy on the cation site. To complete the reactions, the proper number of each ion must be present (mass balance), an equal number of sites must exist (site balance), and the sums of the charges of the reactants and products must also be equal (charge balance).
A nearby pair of a vacancy and an interstitial is often called a Frenkel defect or Frenkel pair. This is caused when an ion moves into an interstitial site and creates a vacancy. Due to fundamental limitations of material purification methods, materials are never 100% pure, which by definition induces defects in crystal structure.
F-center in an NaCl crystal. An F-center or color center or Farbe center (from the original German Farbzentrum, where Farbe means color and zentrum means center) is a type of crystallographic defect in which an anionic vacancy in a crystal lattice is occupied by one or more unpaired electrons.
The number of vacancies may also be influenced by the number of chemical impurities in the crystal lattice, if such impurities require the formation of vacancies to exist in the lattice. A vacancy can move through the crystal structure when the neighbouring particle "jumps" in the vacancy, so that the vacancy moves in effect one site in the ...
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This unique arrangement not only minimizes the system's free energy but also aligns the new unit with the symmetry of the underlying lattice. Consequently, kink positions serve as the primary sites where the crystal's structural order is reproduced and propagated, enabling the transition from microscopic nucleation to a macroscopic, ordered ...
A dislocation that has been brought to a halt by an obstacle (a point defect) can overcome the obstacle and start moving again by a process called dislocation climb. For dislocation climb to occur, vacancies have to be able to move through the crystal. When a vacancy arrives at the place where the dislocation is stuck it can cause the ...