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Metallurgy in China has a long history, with the earliest metal objects in China dating back to around 3,000 BCE. The majority of early metal items found in China come from the North-Western Region (mainly Gansu and Qinghai, 青海). China was the earliest civilization to use the blast furnace and produce cast iron. [1]
Platinum is a chemical element; it has symbol Pt and atomic number 78. It is a dense, malleable, ductile, highly unreactive, precious, silverish-white transition metal. Its name originates from Spanish platina, a diminutive of plata "silver". [7] [8] Platinum is a member of the platinum group of elements and group 10 of the periodic table of ...
A water bottle is a container that is used to hold liquids, mainly water, for the purpose of transporting a drink while travelling or while otherwise away from a supply of potable water. Water bottles are usually made of plastic , glass , metal, or some combination of those substances.
The platinum-group metals [a] (PGMs) are six noble, precious metallic elements clustered together in the periodic table. These elements are all transition metals in the d-block (groups 8, 9, and 10, periods 5 and 6). [1] The six platinum-group metals are ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum.
The United States, Europe and China account for 75% of demand, with China's consumption having increased from 20% in the early 1990s to 50%. [9] Glass container manufacture is also a geographical business; the product is heavy and large in volume, and the major raw materials (sand, soda ash and limestone) are generally readily available.
The pen business Nakaya Seisakusho was renamed Platinum Fountain Pen Company Ltd. This changed in 1952 to Platinum Industry Company after a challenge from a British company of the same name, [3] but reverted in 1962. Later the business moved to Taitō, Tokyo, where it remains. Production is in Shanghai, China.
This lowered the cost of bulbs by 90%, making them much more available for people. [3] He formed the Owens Bottle Machine Company in 1903. His machines could produce glass bottles at a rate of 240 per minute, and reduce labor costs by 80%. [4] Owens and Libbey entered into a partnership and the company was renamed the Owens Bottle Company in 1919.
Iron is the outlier at 1538 °C (2800 °F), [21] making it far more difficult to melt in antiquity. Cultures developed ironworking proficiency at different rates; however, evidence from the Near East suggests that smelting was possible but impractical circa 1500 BC, and relatively commonplace across most of Eurasia by 500 BC. [ 22 ]