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Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infection caused by a group of enteroviruses. [10] It typically begins with a fever and feeling generally unwell . [ 10 ] This is followed a day or two later by flat discolored spots or bumps that may blister, on the hands, feet and mouth and occasionally buttocks and groin.
The purpose of screening is to diagnose ovarian cancer at an early stage when it is more likely to be treated successfully. [26] [86] Screening with transvaginal ultrasound, pelvic examination, and CA-125 levels can be used instead of preventive surgery in women who have BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. This strategy has shown some success. [29]
As ovarian cancer is rarely symptomatic until an advanced stage, [42] regular pre-emptive screening is a particularly important tool for avoiding the late stage at which most patients present. However, A 2011 US study found that transvaginal ultrasound and cancer marker CA125 screening did not reduce ovarian cancer mortality. [ 43 ]
People with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are recommended to have a transvaginal ultrasound 1-2 times per year. Screening with CA-125 is also recommended.. Prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes to prevent cancer) is recommended at age 35-40 for people with BRCA1 mutations and at age 40-45 for people with BRCA2 mutations. [6]
According to research, most ovarian cancers start at the epithelial layer which is the lining of the ovary. Within this epithelial group ovarian clear-cell carcinoma makes up 5–10%. It was recognized as a separate category of ovarian cancer by the World Health Organization in 1973. Its incidence rate differs across various ethnic groups.
In the example of breast cancer screening, women overdiagnosed with breast cancer might receive radiotherapy, which increases mortality due to lung cancer and heart disease. [36] The problem is those deaths are often classified as other causes and might even be larger than the number of breast cancer deaths avoided by screening.
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