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Estradiol level with a single 100 µg/day estradiol reservoir patch (Estraderm) with and without ethanol added in postmenopausal women. [9] [10] This patch has a 3- to 4-day duration and is designed for twice-weekly application. In one group, ethanol was injected into the area between the patch and the skin on day 3.
Bee venom is a complex mixture of proteins and smaller molecules. The main component is melittin, which amounts to 52% of venom peptides [2] One of the main allergens is phospholipase A 2, which amounts to 12% and is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of phospholipids, causing degradation of cell membranes. [3]
The first step in treatment following a honey bee sting is removal of the stinger itself. The stinger should be removed as quickly as possible without regard to method: a study has shown the amount of venom delivered does not differ whether the sting is pinched or scraped off and even a delay of a few seconds leads to more venom being injected ...
The duration of the pain of insect stings categorized into Pain Level 1 generally is five minutes or less. [2] Many small bees are categorized into a pain level of 1, with their venom containing polypeptides such as melittin, apamin, and MCD peptide. Melittin is the main toxin of bee venom, and it damages red blood cells and white blood cells.
PLA 2 enzymes are commonly found in mammalian tissues as well as arachnid, insect, and snake venom. [2] Venom from bees is largely composed of melittin , which is a stimulant of PLA 2 . Due to the increased presence and activity of PLA 2 resulting from a snake or insect bite, arachidonic acid is released from the phospholipid membrane ...
Apitherapy is a branch of alternative medicine that uses honey bee products, including honey, pollen, propolis, royal jelly and bee venom. There has been no scientific or clinical evidence for the efficacy or safety of apitherapy treatments. [1] [2] Bee venom can cause minor or major reactions, including allergic responses, anaphylaxis or death.
Melittin is the main compound in bee venom, accounting for the potential lethality of a bee sting, which causes an anaphylactic reaction in some people. [5] At the sites of multiple stings, localized pain, swelling, and skin redness occur, and if bees are swallowed, life-threatening swelling of the throat and respiratory passages may develop.
The title page of Beck's Bee Venom Therapy, 1935. Bodog Felix Beck (6 August 1868 – 1 January 1942) was a Hungarian-born American physician who specialized in the treatment of arthritic and rheumatoid conditions using bee venom and who coined the term "bee venom therapy". There are no studies proving the ability of bee venom to cure any ailment.