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The Anfal campaign [a] was a counterinsurgency operation which was carried out by Ba'athist Iraq from February to September 1988 during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict at the end of the Iran–Iraq War. The campaign targeted rural Kurds [ 3 ] because its purpose was to eliminate Kurdish rebel groups and Arabize strategic parts of the Kirkuk ...
Al-Anfal [1] (Arabic: ٱلأنفال, al-ʾanfāl; meaning The Spoils of War, [2] Earnings, Savings, Profits) [3] is the eighth chapter of the Quran, with 75 verses . Regarding the timing and contextual background of the revelation ( asbāb al-nuzūl ), it is a " Medinan surah ", completed after the Battle of Badr .
Some 4,000 villages were destroyed from 1975 until the end of the Al-Anfal Campaign in late 1980s. [1] [2]During the mid-1970s, hundreds of Kurdish villages were destroyed in the northern governorates of Ninawa and Duhok (Shorsh Resool estimate: 369), and around 150 in Diyala (Shorsh Resool estimate: 154).
The most violent phase of the conflict between the Kurds and Iraqi Ba'athist regime was the Al-Anfal Campaign of the Iraqi Army against the Kurdish minority, which took place between 1986–1988 and included the Halabja chemical attack. The Al-Anfal campaign ended in 1988 with an agreement of amnesty between the two belligerents.
Al-Majid was first sentenced to hang in 2007 for his role in a 1988 military campaign against ethnic Kurds, codenamed Anfal, and in 2008 he also twice received a death sentence for his crimes against the Iraqi Shia Muslims, in particular for his role in crushing the 1991 uprisings in southern Iraq and his involvement in the 1999 killings in the ...
As part of the Al-Anfal Campaign, during the Iran–Iraq War, Saddam's regime destroyed 3,000 to 4,000 villages and drove hundreds of thousands of Kurds to become refugees or be resettled across Iraq, [12] as well as Assyrians [14] [15] and Turkmen. Some 100,000 people were killed or died during the al-Anfal campaign, which is often equated to ...
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