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  2. Letter frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency

    The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...

  3. NASPA Word List - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASPA_Word_List

    NASPA Word List (NWL, formerly Official Tournament and Club Word List, referred to as OTCWL, OWL, TWL) is the official word authority for tournament Scrabble in the USA and Canada under the aegis of NASPA Games. [1] It is based on the Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (OSPD) with modifications to make it more suitable for tournament play.

  4. International Phonetic Alphabet chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic...

    The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.

  5. List of Unicode characters - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters

    HTML and XML provide ways to reference Unicode characters when the characters themselves either cannot or should not be used. A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and a character entity reference refers to a character by a predefined name.

  6. International Phonetic Alphabet - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic...

    [75] [79] [80] Of the tone letters, only left-facing staved letters and a few representative combinations are shown in the summary on the Chart, and in practice it is currently more common for tone letters to occur after the syllable/word than before, as in the Chao tradition. Placement before the word is a carry-over from the pre-Kiel IPA ...

  7. Dolch word list - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolch_word_list

    These lists of words are still assigned for memorization in elementary schools in America and elsewhere. Although most of the 220 Dolch words are phonetic, children are sometimes told that they can't be "sounded out" using common sound-to-letter phonics patterns and have to be learned by sight; hence the alternative term, "sight word".

  8. Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms...

    2. (more precisely, as used in inland waters) to propel a boat with oars, where each rower uses just one oar. On inland waters, one person using two oars, one on each side of the boat, is termed sculling [35]: 135 rowlock 1. The cutout in the washstrake of a boat into which an oar is placed, so providing a fulcrum when the oar is in use. [47]

  9. IPA consonant chart with audio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio

    The following are the non-pulmonic consonants.They are sounds whose airflow is not dependent on the lungs. These include clicks (found in the Khoisan languages and some neighboring Bantu languages of Africa), implosives (found in languages such as Sindhi, Hausa, Swahili and Vietnamese), and ejectives (found in many Amerindian and Caucasian languages).