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The kidney of the frog is an opisthonephros. The kidneys are seen as two elongated, red organs in this image. The opisthonephros is the functional adult kidney in lampreys (cyclostomes), most fishes, and amphibians. [1] It is formed from the extended mesonephros along with tubules from the posterior nephric ridge. [2]
The pronephros is a functioning kidney of the embryo in bony fish and amphibian larvae, [7] but in mammals it is most often considered rudimentary and not functional. [18] In some lungfish and bony fishes, the pronephros can remain functional in adults, including often simultaneously with the mesonephros. [ 7 ]
In lungfish and tetrapods, the renal portal vein is joined by a vein traveling upwards from the abdominal vein, [4] which can bring venous blood from the hind limbs and ventral body wall into the renal portal system, or alternatively, enable blood from the tail and groin to pass into the hepatic portal system, already served by blood from the gut, via the hepatic portal vein, and from the hind ...
Renal physiology is the study of kidney function. Nephrology is the medical specialty which addresses diseases of kidney function: these include CKD, nephritic and nephrotic syndromes, acute kidney injury, and pyelonephritis.
The mesonephros persists and forms the anterior portion of the permanent kidneys in fish and amphibians, but in reptiles, birds, and mammals, it atrophies and for the most part disappears rapidly as the permanent kidney (metanephros) begins to develop [2] during the sixth or seventh week. By the beginning of the fifth month of human development ...
Pronephros is the most basic of the three excretory organs that develop in vertebrates, corresponding to the first stage of kidney development. It is succeeded by the mesonephros, which in fish and amphibians remains as the adult kidney. In amniotes, the mesonephros is the embryonic kidney and a more complex metanephros acts as the adult kidney ...
Fish physiology is the scientific study of how the component parts of fish function together in the living fish. [2] It can be contrasted with fish anatomy, which is the study of the form or morphology of fishes. In practice, fish anatomy and physiology complement each other, the former dealing with the structure of a fish, its organs or ...
In the kidney, the macula densa is an area of closely packed specialized cells lining the wall of the distal tubule where it touches the glomerulus.Specifically, the macula densa is found in the terminal portion of the distal straight tubule (thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle), after which the distal convoluted tubule begins.