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  2. Dehydration reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration_reaction

    The classic example of a dehydration reaction is the Fischer esterification, which involves treating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to give an ester RCO 2 H + R′OH ⇌ RCO 2 R′ + H 2 O. Often such reactions require the presence of a dehydrating agent, i.e. a substance that reacts with water.

  3. Azeotrope tables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotrope_tables

    This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.

  4. p-Toluenesulfonic acid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Toluenesulfonic_acid

    Reduction of tosylate esters gives the hydrocarbon. Thus, tosylation followed by reduction allows for the deoxygenation of alcohols. Structures of the 7-norbornenyl cation with p-orbital stabilization. In a famous and illustrative use of tosylate as a leaving group, the 2-norbornyl cation was formed by an elimination reaction of 7-norbornenyl ...

  5. List of reagents - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_reagents

    Reagents are "substances or compounds that are added to a system in order to bring about a chemical reaction or are added to see if a reaction occurs." [1] Some reagents are just a single element. However, most processes require reagents made of chemical compounds. Some of the most common ones used widely for specific reactive functions are ...

  6. Ester hydrolysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester_hydrolysis

    Alkaline hydrolysis of esters is also known as saponification. A base such as sodium hydroxide is required in stochiometric amounts. Unlike acid-catalyzed ester hydrolysis, it is not an equilibrium reaction and proceeds to completion. Hydroxide ion attacks the carbonyl carbon to give a tetrahedral intermediate, which then expels an alkoxide ion.

  7. Fries rearrangement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fries_rearrangement

    In addition to the ordinary thermal phenyl ester reaction a photochemical variant is possible. The photo-Fries rearrangement can likewise give [1,3] and [1,5] products, [7] [8] which involves a radical reaction mechanism. This reaction is also possible with deactivating substituents on the aromatic group. Because the yields are low this ...

  8. Aromatic sulfonation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_sulfonation

    The Piria reaction. In the Tyrer sulfonation process (1917), [7] at some time of technological importance, benzene vapor is led through a vessel containing 90% sulfuric acid the temperature of which is increased from 100 to 180°C. Water and benzene are continuously removed and the benzene fed back to the vessel. In this way an 80% yield is ...

  9. Pechmann condensation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechmann_condensation

    In a variation the reaction of phenols and beta-ketoesters and phosphorus pentoxide yields a chromone.This reaction is called Simonis chromone cyclization. [6] [7] The ketone in the ketoester is activated by P 2 O 5 for reaction with the phenol hydroxyl group first, the ester group in it is then activated for electrophilic attack of the arene.