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Struck and trimmed by hand in the 16th through 18th centuries at Spanish mints in Mexico, Peru, and Colombia (among others), silver and gold Macuquinas (cobs) are handsomely crude, nearly all with a cross as the central feature on one side and either a coat-of-arms (shield) or a tic-tac-toe-like "pillars and waves" on the other side. Silver ...
Alexander Hamilton arrived at these numbers based on a treasury assay of the average fine silver content of a selection of worn Spanish dollars. [9] The term cob was used in Ireland and the British colonies to mean a piece of eight or a Spanish-American dollar, because Spanish gold and silver coins were irregularly shaped and crudely struck ...
The standard silver coin became the real of 3·434 g, 0·9306 fine (3·195 g silver), rated 34 maravedíes. There was also a half, a 3, and a 6-real coin. This reform adopted the excelente (called ducado from 1504) for gold, a copy of the Venetian ducat, 3·521 g, 23 + 3 ⁄ 4 carats fine (3484·442 mg
The doubloon (from Spanish doblón, or "double", i.e. double escudo) was a two-escudo gold coin worth approximately four Spanish dollars or 32 reales, [1] and weighing 6.766 grams (0.218 troy ounce) of 22-karat gold (or 0.917 fine; hence 6.2 g fine gold). [2] [3] Doubloons were minted in Spain and the viceroyalties of New Spain, Peru, and New ...
Cob or cobbing board, a wooden instrument used for punishment: see Paddle (spanking) Cob, Spanish gold and silver coins that were irregularly shaped and crudely struck: see Spanish dollar Cob, a crusty bread roll shaped like a squashed ball, commonly used in the English Midlands: see List of bread rolls
In 1936, 510 tonnes of gold reserves were transferred to the Soviet Union (in an event known as Moscow gold) corresponding to 72.6% of the total gold reserves of the Bank of Spain. That gold remained there during the Spanish Civil War. In 1946, the government of General Franco placed the bank under tight control. It was formally nationalised in ...
The first escudo was a gold coin introduced in 1535/1537, with coins denominated in escudos issued until 1833. It was initially worth 16 reales . When different reales were introduced, the escudo became worth 16 reales de plata in 1642, then 16 reales de plata fuerte or 40 reales de vellón from 1737.
The walls were once covered in sheets of gold, [21] and the adjacent courtyard was filled with golden statues. Spanish reports tell of an opulence that was "fabulous beyond belief". When the Spanish in 1533 required the Inca to raise a ransom in gold for the life of their leader Atahualpa, most of the gold was collected from Coricancha. [22]