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Gerbner's model of communication starts with the perception of an event. M is the communicator who formulates a message about this event. The message is then perceived and interpreted by the audience, labeled in the diagram as M₂. [138] The relation between message and reality is of central importance to Gerbner.
The three most popular hybrid vehicles, Honda Civic, Honda Insight and Toyota Prius, set the standards even higher by producing 4.1, 3.5, and 3.5 tons showing a major improvement in carbon dioxide emissions. Hybrid vehicles can reduce air emissions of smog-forming pollutants by up to 90% and cut carbon dioxide emissions in half. [71]
This is a list of hybrid vehicles. A hybrid could theoretically have any two power sources, but hybrid vehicles have typically combined an internal combustion engine with a battery and electric motor(s). This list includes both regular hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids, in chronological order of first production. Since Porsche made ...
Structure of a combined hybrid electric vehicle. Power-split hybrid or series-parallel hybrid are parallel hybrids that incorporate power-split devices, allowing for power paths from the ICE to the wheels that can be either mechanical or electrical. The main principle is to decouple the power supplied by the primary source from the power ...
The SMCR model is usually described as a linear transmission model of communication. [4] [17] Its main focus is to identify the basic parts of communication and to show how their characteristics shape the communicative process. In this regard, Berlo understands his model as "a model of the ingredients of communication". [24]
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle that couples a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) with one or more electric engines into a combined propulsion system. The presence of the electric powertrain , which has inherently better energy conversion efficiency , is intended to achieve either better fuel economy or ...
In 2006, Nova Bus, which had previously marketed the RTS hybrid before that model was discontinued, added a Diesel–electric hybrid option for its LFS series. In the United Kingdom, Wrightbus has introduced a development of the London " Double-Decker ", a new interpretation of the traditional red buses that are a feature of the extreme traffic ...
A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) or simply plug-in hybrid is a type of hybrid electric vehicle equipped with a rechargeable battery pack that can be directly replenished via a charging cable plugged into an external electric power source, in addition to charging internally by its on-board internal combustion engine-powered generator.