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Gram stain (Gram staining or Gram's method), is a method of staining used to classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria. It may also be used to diagnose a fungal infection. [1] The name comes from the Danish bacteriologist Hans Christian Gram, who developed the technique in 1884. [2]
Examples include the malachite green counterstain to the fuchsine stain in the Gimenez staining technique and the eosin counterstain to haematoxylin in the H&E stain. [1] In Gram staining, crystal violet stains only Gram-positive bacteria, and safranin counterstain is applied which stains all cells, allowing the identification of Gram-negative ...
Differential staining is a staining process which uses more than one chemical stain. [1] Using multiple stains can better differentiate between different microorganisms or structures/cellular components of a single organism. Differential staining is used to detect abnormalities in the proportion of different white blood cells in the blood.
A Ziehl–Neelsen stain is an acid-fast stain used to stain species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that do not stain with the standard laboratory staining procedures such as Gram staining. This stain is performed through the use of both red coloured carbol fuchsin that stains the bacteria and a counter stain such as methylene blue.
Safranin (Safranin O or basic red 2) is a biological stain used in histology and cytology. Safranin is used as a counterstain in some staining protocols, colouring cell nuclei red. This is the classic counterstain in both Gram stains and endospore staining. It can also be used for the detection of cartilage, [2] mucin and mast cell granules.
Kinyoun stain; For color blind people (or in backgrounds where detecting red bacteria is difficult), Victoria blue can be substituted for carbol fuchsin and picric acid can be used as the counter stain instead of methylene blue, and the rest of the Kinyoun technique can be used. [6] Various bacterial spore staining techniques using Kenyon e.g.
In Berlin, in 1884, Gram developed a method for distinguishing between two major classes of bacteria. [1] This technique, known as Gram staining, continues to be a standard procedure of medical microbiology. This work gained Gram an international reputation. The staining method later played a major role in classifying bacteria. Gram was a ...
The Gimenez staining technique uses biological stains to detect and identify bacterial infections in tissue samples. Although largely superseded by techniques like Giemsa staining , the Gimenez technique may be valuable for detecting certain slow-growing or fastidious bacteria.