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Calcium carbonate saturation can be determined using the following equation: Ω = ([Ca 2+][CO 3 2−])/K sp. where the numerator ([Ca 2+][CO 3 2−]) denotes the concentration of calcium and carbonate ions and the denominator (K sp) refers to the mineral (solid) phase stoichiometric solubility product of calcium carbonate. [8]
[11] [12] At the same time, the biogenic precipitation of calcium carbonate during coccolith formation reduces the total alkalinity of seawater and releases CO 2. [13] [14] Thus, coccolithophores play an important role in the marine carbon cycle by influencing the efficiency of the biological carbon pump and the oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO ...
The US Institute of Medicine (IOM) established Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for calcium in 1997 and updated those values in 2011. [6] See table. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) uses the term Population Reference Intake (PRIs) instead of RDAs and sets slightly different numbers: ages 4–10 800 mg, ages 11–17 1150 mg, ages 18–24 1000 mg, and >25 years 950 mg. [10]
The calcium cycle is a transfer of calcium between dissolved and solid phases. There is a continuous supply of calcium ions into waterways from rocks, organisms, and soils. [1] [2] Calcium ions are consumed and removed from aqueous environments as they react to form insoluble structures such as calcium carbonate and calcium silicate, [1] [3] which can deposit to form sediments or the ...
If the concentrations of phosphate and UO 2 2+ are sufficiently high, minerals such as autunite (Ca(UO 2) 2 (PO 4) 2 •10-12H 2 O) or polycrystalline HUO 2 PO 4 may form thus reducing the mobility of UO 2 2+. Compared to the direct addition of inorganic phosphate to contaminated groundwater, biomineralization has the advantage that the ligands ...
The total water hardness is the sum of the molar concentrations of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+, in mol/L or mmol/L units. Although water hardness usually measures only the total concentrations of calcium and magnesium (the two most prevalent divalent metal ions), iron , aluminium , and manganese are also present at elevated levels in some locations.
For reference, experts recommend no more than one drink a day for females and no more than two drinks a day for males. One drink is defined as 1.5 ounces of liquor, 12 ounces of beer or 5 ounces ...
T-tubules contain a higher concentration of L-type calcium channels than the rest of the sarcolemma and therefore the majority of the calcium that enters the cell occurs via T-tubules. [11] This calcium binds to and activates a receptor, known as a ryanodine receptor, located on the cell's own internal calcium store, the sarcoplasmic reticulum.