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Initiatives and referendums—collectively known as "ballot measures", "propositions", or simply "questions"—differ from most legislation passed by representative democracies; ordinarily, an elected legislative body develops and passes laws. Initiatives and referendums, by contrast, allow citizens to vote directly on legislation.
Voter referendum: An initiative to remove the MCAS test as requirement to graduate high school. [152] Voter referendum: An initiative to raise the minimum wage for tipped workers. [153] Voter referendum: An initiative to authorize the state auditor to audit the state legislature, and remove some existing regulations regarding the auditing ...
A referendum upholding a law permitting the establishment of daylight saving time [17] Failed [17] 1,402,562 (49.99%) 1,403,052 (50.01%) Proposal 3 (November) An initiative authorizing the state to issue bonds for the purpose of constructing water pollution prevention facilities [17] Passed [17] 1,906,385 (70.54%) 796,079 (29.46%) Proposal 4
The Initiative & Referendum Institute, or I&R Institute, is a 501(c)(3) tax-exempt educational and research organization dedicated to the study of the I&R process.It is affiliated with the USC-Caltech Center for the Study of Law and Politics.
Popular initiative or Initiative referendum: A citizen-led process to propose and vote on new laws. Popular referendum: A citizen-led process to oppose and strike down existing laws. Recall referendum: A procedure to remove elected officials before the end of their term of office. Depending on the area and position, a recall may be for a ...
The modern system of initiatives and referendums in the United States originated in the state of South Dakota, which adopted initiatives and referendums in 1898 by a popular vote of 23,816 to 16,483. Oregon was the second state to adopt and did so in 1902, when the Oregon Legislative Assembly adopted it by an overwhelming majority.
By contrast, "initiatives" and "legislative referrals" consist of newly drafted legislation submitted directly to a popular vote as an alternative to adoption by a legislature. Collectively, referendums and initiatives in the United States are commonly referred to as ballot measures, propositions, or simply "questions."
That referendum was the first national referendum in the Netherlands in 200 years (1805 Batavian Republic constitutional referendum), and it was the result of an initiative proposal by parliamentarians Farah Karimi , Niesco Dubbelboer and Boris van der Ham (Democrats 66).