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Scanning electron micrograph of a phagocyte (yellow, right) phagocytosing anthrax bacilli (orange, left). The history of phagocytosis is an account of the discoveries of cells, known as phagocytes, that are capable of eating other cells or particles, and how that eventually established the science of immunology.
The history of phagocytosis represents the scientific establishment of immunology as the process is the first immune response mechanism discovered and understood as such. [1] [2] The earliest definitive account of cell eating was given by Swiss scientist Albert von Kölliker in 1849. [3]
The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. [11] Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. [12]
In anatomy the term reticuloendothelial system (abbreviated RES), often associated nowadays with the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), was employed by the beginning of the 20th century to denote a system of specialised cells that effectively clear colloidal vital stains (so called because they stain living cells) from the blood circulation.
Honoured as the "father of innate immunity", [16] [17] Metchnikoff was the first to discover a process of immunity called phagocytosis and the cell responsible for it, called phagocyte, specifically macrophage, in 1882.
Red blood cells carrying CR1-receptors on their surface may bind C3b-coated immune complexes and transport them to phagocytes, mostly in liver and spleen, and return to the general circulation. The ratio of antigen to antibody determines size and shape of immune complex. [3] This, in turn, determines the effect of the immune complex.
Phagocytes need to be in the vicinity of the cells presenting find-me signals. The phagocytes use the find-me signals to locate these cells and move to their location. [22] The phagocytes interact with the dying cells through the presenting eat-me signals through specific eat-me signal receptors on the phagocytic cell. [23]
The 18th century was considered the Age of Reason.A lot of myths were contradicted by scientific fact. [7] Jamaican "doctresses" such as Cubah Cornwallis, Sarah Adams and Grace Donne, the mistress and healer to Jamaica's most successful planter, Simon Taylor, had great success using hygiene and herbs to heal the sick and wounded.