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When people rely on representativeness to make judgments, they are likely to judge wrongly because the fact that something is more representative does not actually make it more likely. [4] The representativeness heuristic is simply described as assessing similarity of objects and organizing them based around the category prototype (e.g., like ...
Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman first proposed that the gambler's fallacy is a cognitive bias produced by a psychological heuristic called the representativeness heuristic, which states that people evaluate the probability of a certain event by assessing how similar it is to events they have experienced before, and how similar the events ...
The disposition effect can be minimized by a mental approach called hedonic framing, which refers to a concept in behavioral finance and psychology where people perceive and react differently to gains and losses based on how they are presented or "framed."
In psychology and cognitive science, a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a reported memory. There are many types of memory bias, including:
Behavioral finance [74] is the study of the influence of psychology on the behavior of investors or financial analysts. It assumes that investors are not always rational , have limits to their self-control and are influenced by their own biases . [ 75 ]
Loss aversion was also used to support the status quo bias in 1988, [9] and the equity premium puzzle in 1995. [10] In the 2000s, behavioural finance was an area with frequent application of this theory, [11] [12] including on asset prices and individual stock returns. [13] [14]
Behavioral economists attribute the imperfections in financial markets to a combination of cognitive biases such as overconfidence, overreaction, representative bias, information bias, and various other predictable human errors in reasoning and information processing.
The second theory assumes that momentum investors are exploiting behavioral shortcomings in other investors, such as investor herding, investor over- and underreaction, disposition effects and confirmation bias. Seasonal or calendar effects may help to explain some of the reason for success in the momentum investing strategy.