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When people rely on representativeness to make judgments, they are likely to judge wrongly because the fact that something is more representative does not actually make it more likely. [4] The representativeness heuristic is simply described as assessing similarity of objects and organizing them based around the category prototype (e.g., like ...
In psychology and cognitive science, a memory bias is a cognitive bias that either enhances or impairs the recall of a memory (either the chances that the memory will be recalled at all, or the amount of time it takes for it to be recalled, or both), or that alters the content of a reported memory. There are many types of memory bias, including:
Loss aversion was also used to support the status quo bias in 1988, [9] and the equity premium puzzle in 1995. [10] In the 2000s, behavioural finance was an area with frequent application of this theory, [11] [12] including on asset prices and individual stock returns. [13] [14]
Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman first proposed that the gambler's fallacy is a cognitive bias produced by a psychological heuristic called the representativeness heuristic, which states that people evaluate the probability of a certain event by assessing how similar it is to events they have experienced before, and how similar the events ...
Behavioral finance [74] is the study of the influence of psychology on the behavior of investors or financial analysts. It assumes that investors are not always rational , have limits to their self-control and are influenced by their own biases . [ 75 ]
Home bias in equities is a behavioral finance phenomenon and it was first studied in an academic context by Kenneth French and James M. Poterba (1991) [3] and Tesar and Werner (1995). [ 4 ] Coval and Moskowitz (1999) showed that home bias is not limited to international portfolios, but that the preference for investing close to home also ...
Studies in behavioral finance analyzed this pattern, observing that there is a tendency to avoid high-reward options in the market, as the risk of short-term loss potentially influences the broker. Acclaimed behavioral economists Benartzi and Thaler analyzed this concept, calling it the "equity premium puzzle [2]." This puzzle refers to the ...
The disposition effect can be minimized by a mental approach called hedonic framing, which refers to a concept in behavioral finance and psychology where people perceive and react differently to gains and losses based on how they are presented or "framed."