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Thus, the higher the index number, the greater the cost of the refinery and the higher the value of its products. In the second edition of the book Petroleum Refinery Process Economics (2000), author Robert Maples notes that U.S. refineries rank highest in complexity index, averaging 9.5, compared with Europe's at 6.5.
The Penn World Table is a widely cited source of PPP adjustments, and the associated Penn effect reflects such a systematic bias in using exchange rates to outputs among countries. For example, if the value of the Mexican peso falls by half compared to the US dollar, the Mexican gross domestic product measured in dollars will also halve ...
where () is the initial value, () is the end value, and is the number of years. CAGR can also be used to calculate mean annualized growth rates on quarterly or monthly values. The numerator of the exponent would be the value of 4 in the case of quarterly, and 12 in the case of monthly, with the denominator being the number of corresponding ...
For example, class 5 is defined to include numbers between 10 10 10 10 6 and 10 10 10 10 10 6, which are numbers where X becomes humanly indistinguishable from X 2 [14] (taking iterated logarithms of such X yields indistinguishibility firstly between log(X) and 2log(X), secondly between log(log(X)) and 1+log(log(X)), and finally an extremely ...
For example, with an annual growth rate of 4.8% the doubling time is 14.78 years, and a doubling time of 10 years corresponds to a growth rate between 7% and 7.5% (actually about 7.18%). When applied to the constant growth in consumption of a resource, the total amount consumed in one doubling period equals the total amount consumed in all ...
The technique is so named because the second number in a pair of successive years becomes the first in the next pair. The result is a continuous "chain" of weights and averages. [ 3 ] The advantage of using the chained-dollar measure is that it is more closely related to any given period covered and is subject to less distortion over time.
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet editor developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android, iOS and iPadOS.It features calculation or computation capabilities, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications (VBA).
Other numbers. Other numbers are given in numerals (3.75, 544) or in forms such as 21 million (or billion, trillion, etc. – but rarely thousand or hundred). Markup: 21{{nbsp}}million. Billion and trillion are understood to represent their short-scale values of 10 9 (1,000,000,000) and 10 12 (1,000,000,000,000), respectively. Keep this in mind ...