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For example, what John Polkinghorne terms 'conceptual' or 'epistemological' reductionism [5] is the definition provided by Simon Blackburn [10] and by Jaegwon Kim: [11] that form of reductionism which concerns a program of replacing the facts or entities involved in one type of discourse with other facts or entities from another type, thereby ...
The domino example is developed in the Petri net computational model. This example assumes that dominoes toppling into each other behave deterministically. Even the above-mentioned external forces which might interrupt the system are causes which the system did not consider, but which could be explained by cause and effect in a larger ...
Orectic psychological determinism is the view that we always act upon our greatest drive. This is often called psychological hedonism, and if the drive is specified for self-interest, psychological egoism. Rational psychological determinism claims that we always act according to our "strongest" or "best" reason.
Philosophy of psychology also closely monitors contemporary work conducted in cognitive neuroscience, cognitive psychology, and artificial intelligence, for example questioning whether psychological phenomena can be explained using the methods of neuroscience, evolutionary theory, and computational modeling, respectively.
Special relativity, for example, can be reduced to Newtonian mechanics for speeds far less than c. According to Alexander Rosenberg philosophers mostly these days believe that reduction between sciences is possible in principle but concepts we currently have do not allow reductions even in many cases in which natural sciences are involved, for ...
A canonical example of greedy reductionism, labelled as such by Dennett himself, [2] is the behaviorism of B. F. Skinner.It is often said of this school of thought (which dominated the field of psychology, at least in the Anglo-American world, for part of the twentieth century) that it denied the existence of mental states such as beliefs, although at least in Skinner's original version it ...
Emergentism is the belief in emergence, particularly as it involves consciousness and the philosophy of mind.A property of a system is said to be emergent if it is a new outcome of some other properties of the system and their interaction, while it is itself different from them. [1]
Determinism should not be confused with the self-determination of human actions by reasons, motives, and desires. Determinism is about interactions which affect cognitive processes in people's lives. [4] It is about the cause and the result of what people have done. Cause and result are always bound together in cognitive processes.