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The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that comprise the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis. [1] The epidermis layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens [2] and regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through transepidermal water loss. [3]
The majority bacteria tested increased the number of skin T cells. Interactions between T cells and specific microbiota components may represent evolutionary outcome by which the skin immune system and the microbiota provide heterologous protection against invasive pathogens and calibrate barrier immunity through the use of chemical signals.
A dendritic cell (DC) is an antigen-presenting cell (also known as an accessory cell) of the mammalian immune system. A DC's main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system. They act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune systems. [1]
Only a subset of Langerhans cell parent types are included in the figure. [1] A Langerhans cell (LC) is a tissue-resident macrophage of the skin [2] once thought to be a resident dendritic cell. [3] These cells contain organelles called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis and are most prominent in the stratum ...
Epidermal stem cells reside in the lower part of the epidermis (stratum basale) and are attached to the basement membrane through hemidesmosomes. Epidermal stem cells divide in a random manner yielding either more stem cells or transit amplifying cells. [4]
Protection: an anatomical barrier from pathogens and damage between the internal and external environment in bodily defence; Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the adaptive immune system. [7] [35] Perspiration contains lysozyme that break the bonds within the cell walls of bacteria. [36]
In addition to their role as UV radical scavengers, melanocytes are also part of the immune system, and are considered to be immune cells. [20] Although the full role of melanocytes in immune response is not fully understood, melanocytes share many characteristics with dendritic cells : branched morphology; phagocytic capabilities; presentation ...
The resulting immune functions of these non-hematopoietic, structural cells contribute to the mammalian immune system ("structural immunity"). [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Relevant aspects of the epithelial cell response to infections are encoded in the epigenome of these cells, which enables a rapid response to immunological challenges.