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Gandhara (IAST: Gandhāra) was an ancient Indo-Aryan [1] civilization centred in present-day north-west Pakistan and north-east Afghanistan. [2] [3] [4] The core of the region of Gandhara was the Peshawar and Swat valleys extending as far east as the Pothohar Plateau in Punjab, though the cultural influence of Greater Gandhara extended westwards into the Kabul valley in Afghanistan, and ...
Taxila local single-dye coinage. (220-185 BCE). This early coins displays an arched-hill symbol, a tree-in-railing, a Nandipada and a Swastika.The reverse is blank. [1]The Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara refers to the period of coinage production in Gandhara, following the breakup of the Maurya Empire (321-185 BCE).
Taxila was founded in a strategic location along the ancient "Royal Highway" that connected the Mauryan capital at Pataliputra in Bihar, with ancient Peshawar, Puṣkalāvatī, and onwards towards Central Asia via Kashmir, Bactria, and Kāpiśa. [43] Taxila thus changed hands many times over the centuries, with many empires vying for its control.
The capitals of Gandhāra were Takṣaśila (Pāli: Takkasilā; Ancient Greek: Ταξιλα Taxila), and Puṣkalāvatī (Prakrit languages: Pukkalāoti; Ancient Greek: Πευκελαωτις, romanized: Peukelaōtis) or Puṣkarāvatī (Pali: Pokkharavatī). [2]
The university of ancient Taxila (ISO: Takṣaśilā Viśvavidyālaya) was a center of the Gurukula system of Brahmanical education in Taxila, Gandhara, in present-day Punjab, Pakistan, near the bank of the Indus River. It was established as a centre of education in religious and secular topics.
Coins of Early Gandhara Janapada: AR Shatamana and one-eighth Shatamana (round), Taxila-Gandhara region, c. 600–300 BCE. These political changes were accompanied by technological changes in coin production techniques. Before the collapse of the Maurya Empire, the main type of coinage was punch-marked coins. After manufacturing a sheet of ...
Some narrative history has survived for most of the Hellenistic world, at least of the kings and the wars; [82] this is lacking for India. The main Greco-Roman source on the Indo-Greeks is Justin , who wrote an anthology drawn from the Roman historian Pompeius Trogus , who in turn wrote, from Greek sources, at the time of Augustus Caesar . [ 83 ]
The Gandhara grave culture of present-day Pakistan is known by its "protohistoric graves", which were spread mainly in the middle Swat River valley and named the Swat Protohistoric Graveyards Complex, dated in that region to c. 1200 –800 BCE. [1]