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Heart rate is minimally elevated or normal. Typically, there is no change in blood pressure, pulse pressure, or respiratory rate. [3] Class 2: Volume loss from 15% to 30% of total blood volume, from 750 mL to 1500 mL. Heart rate and respiratory rate become elevated (100 BPM to 120 BPM, 20 RR to 24 RR).
min. fast heart rate, normal blood pressure: minimal II: 15–30% (0.75–1.5 L) fast heart rate, min. low blood pressure: intravenous fluids III: 30–40% (1.5–2 L) very fast heart rate, low blood pressure, confusion: fluids and packed RBCs IV >40% (>2 L) critical blood pressure and heart rate: aggressive interventions
Hypovolemia can be recognized by a fast heart rate, low blood pressure, [12] and the absence of perfusion as assessed by skin signs (skin turning pale) and/or capillary refill on forehead, lips and nail beds. The patient may feel dizzy, faint, nauseated, or very thirsty. These signs are also characteristic of most types of shock. [13]
If the dehydration is profound enough to cause a decrease in the circulating blood volume, a rapid heart rate and low blood pressure may be observed. Often, a "ketotic" odor is present, which is often described as "fruity" or "like pear drops". [1] [16] The smell is due to the presence of acetone. [18]
A normal resting heart rate is 60 to 100 beats per minute. A resting heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute is defined as a tachycardia. During an episode of SVT, the heart beats about 150 to 220 times per minute. [9] Specific treatment depends on the type of SVT [5] and can include medications, medical procedures, or surgery. [5]
Symptoms typically include anxiety, shakiness, sweating, vomiting, fast heart rate, and a mild fever. [1] More severe symptoms may include seizures, and delirium tremens (DTs); which can be fatal in untreated patients. [1] Symptoms start at around 6 hours after the last drink. [2]
This often causes a slow heart rate and low blood pressure. [1] This can progress to the heart stopping altogether. [2] Some CCBs can also cause a fast heart rate as a result of the low blood pressure. [4] Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, sleepiness, and shortness of breath. [2]
The peripheral autonomic nervous system, central nervous system and the heart are the main systems that are affected following overdose. [1] Initial or mild symptoms typically develop within 2 hours and include tachycardia, drowsiness, a dry mouth, nausea and vomiting, urinary retention, confusion, agitation, and headache. [7]