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In SI units, permeability is measured in henries per meter (H/m), or equivalently in newtons per ampere squared (N/A 2). The permeability constant μ 0 , also known as the magnetic constant or the permeability of free space, is the proportionality between magnetic induction and magnetizing force when forming a magnetic field in a classical vacuum .
kg⋅m 2 ⋅s −2 ⋅A −1: H magnetic field strength ampere per metre: A/m A⋅m −1: F magnetomotive force: ampere: A = Wb/H A R magnetic reluctance: inverse henry: H −1 = A/Wb kg −1 ⋅m −2 ⋅s 2 ⋅A 2: P magnetic permeance: henry: H = Wb/A kg⋅m 2 ⋅s –2 ⋅A –2: L, M inductance: henry: H = Wb/A = V⋅s/A kg⋅m 2 ⋅s −2 ...
In the old "electromagnetic (emu)" system of units, defined in the late 19th century, k m was chosen to be a pure number equal to 2, distance was measured in centimetres, force was measured in the cgs unit dyne, and the currents defined by this equation were measured in the "electromagnetic unit (emu) of current", the "abampere". A practical ...
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal n̂, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
The electromagnetic force is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. It is the dominant force in the interactions of atoms and molecules. Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combination of electrostatics and magnetism, which are distinct but closely intertwined phenomena. Electromagnetic forces occur between any two charged particles.
The constants listed here are known values of physical constants expressed in SI units; that is, physical quantities that are generally believed to be universal in nature and thus are independent of the unit system in which they are measured.
But for the equations with source terms (Gauss's law and the Ampère-Maxwell equation), the Hodge dual of this 2-form is needed. The Hodge star operator takes a p-form to a (n − p)-form, where n is the number of dimensions. Here, it takes the 2-form (F) and gives another 2-form (in four dimensions, n − p = 4 − 2 = 2).
Mu (/ ˈ m (j) uː /; [1] [2] uppercase Μ, lowercase μ; Ancient Greek μῦ, Greek: μι or μυ—both ) is the twelfth letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiced bilabial nasal IPA:. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 40. [ 3 ]