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The absolute value of a number may be thought of as its distance from zero. In mathematics, the absolute value or modulus of a real number , denoted , is the non-negative value of without regard to its sign. Namely, if is a positive number, and if is negative (in which case negating makes positive), and . For example, the absolute value of 3 is ...
The field of the rational numbers endowed with the p-adic metric and the p-adic number fields which are the completions, do not have the Archimedean property as fields with absolute values. All Archimedean valued fields are isometrically isomorphic to a subfield of the complex numbers with a power of the usual absolute value. [6]
A negative real number −x has no real-valued square roots, but when x is treated as a complex number it has two imaginary square roots, + and , where i is the imaginary unit. In general, any non-zero complex number has n distinct complex-valued n th roots, equally distributed around a complex circle of constant absolute value .
A more complicated formula, giving the same value, but generalizing more readily to higher dimensions, is: [1] (,) = (). In this formula, squaring and then taking the square root leaves any positive number unchanged, but replaces any negative number by its absolute value. [1]
The standard absolute value on the integers. The standard absolute value on the complex numbers.; The p-adic absolute value on the rational numbers.; If R is the field of rational functions over a field F and () is a fixed irreducible polynomial over F, then the following defines an absolute value on R: for () in R define | | to be , where () = () and ((), ()) = = ((), ()).
Standard normal table. In statistics, a standard normal table, also called the unit normal table or Z table, [1] is a mathematical table for the values of Φ, the cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution. It is used to find the probability that a statistic is observed below, above, or between values on the standard normal ...
They do, however, share an attribute with the reals, which is called absolute value or magnitude. Magnitudes are always non-negative real numbers, and to any non-zero number there belongs a positive real number, its absolute value. For example, the absolute value of −3 and the absolute value of 3 are both equal to 3.
Illustration of ae plane, showing the absolute values (unsigned dotted line lengths) of the coordinates of the points (2, 3), (0, 0), (−3, 1), and (−1.5, −2.5). The first of these signed ordered pairs is the abscissa of the corresponding point, and the second value is its ordinate.