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The IOS network operating system was created from code written by William Yeager at Stanford University, [3] [4] [5] which was developed in the 1980s for routers with 256 kB of memory and low CPU processing power.
IOS XE is a release train of Cisco Systems' widely deployed Internetworking Operating System (IOS), introduced with the ASR 1000 series. [2]It is built on Linux [3] [4] and provides a distributed software architecture that moves many operating system responsibilities out of the IOS process [5] [6] and has a copy of IOS running as a separate process. [7]
According to Cisco's product literature, IOS XR shares very little infrastructure with the other IOS trains, and is instead built upon a "preemptive, memory protected, multitasking, microkernel-based operating system". [1] The microkernel was formerly provided by QNX; [2] versions 6.0 up to 7.5.2 use the Wind River Linux distribution. [3]
In the Cisco IOS, [1] they are used in several places, for example: To indicate the size of a network or subnet for some routing protocols, such as OSPF. To indicate what IP addresses should be permitted or denied in access control lists (ACLs). A wildcard mask can be thought of as an inverted subnet mask.
SNMP v3 is implemented on Cisco IOS since release 12.0(3)T. [27]: 52 SNMPv3 may be subject to brute force and dictionary attacks for guessing the authentication keys, or encryption keys, if these keys are generated from short (weak) passwords or passwords that can be found in a dictionary. SNMPv3 allows both providing random uniformly ...
Earlier, Cisco switches ran CatOS. Cisco IOS is a package of routing, switching, internetworking and telecommunications functions integrated into a multitasking operating system. Although the IOS code base includes a cooperative multitasking kernel, most IOS features have been ported to other kernels such as QNX and Linux for use in Cisco products.
Depending on the specific router implementation, there may be a separate forwarding information base that is populated by the control plane, but used by the high-speed forwarding plane to look up packets and decide how to handle them. In computing, the control plane is the part of the software that configures and shuts down the data plane. [2]
Cisco IOS: 15.3 Yes Yes Yes Yes [4] Support for RDNSS option as of 15.4(1)T, 15.3(2)S. Cisco Meraki: MR series 28.1 and later Yes Yes No Yes Devices support DHCPv6 for clients but not for themselves. [5] MX & MX series No No No No Devices can only carry/pass through IPv6 on bridge, but not route. [6] Debian: 3.0 (woody) Yes Yes Yes Yes