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Bacteria have a system that allows tetracyclines to be transported into the cell, whereas human cells do not. Human cells therefore are spared the effects of tetracycline on protein synthesis. [1] Tetracyclines retain an important role in medicine, although their usefulness has been reduced with the onset of antibiotic resistance. [2]
TetR dimerizes by making hydrophobic contacts within the regulatory core. There is a binding cavity for tetracycline in the outer helices of the regulatory domain. When tetracycline binds this cavity, it causes a conformational change that affects the DNA-binding domain so that TetR is no longer able to bind DNA.
Tetracycline-controlled gene expression is based upon the mechanism of resistance to tetracycline antibiotic treatment found in gram-negative bacteria. In nature, the P tet promoter expresses TetR (the repressor ) and TetA, the protein that pumps tetracycline antibiotic out of the cell.
Bacteriophages, also known as phages, infect and kill bacteria primarily during lytic cycles. [ 202 ] [ 201 ] Phages insert their DNA into the bacterium, where it is transcribed and used to make new phages, after which the cell will lyse, releasing new phage that are able to infect and destroy further bacteria of the same strain. [ 201 ]
Narrow-spectrum antibiotics have low propensity to induce bacterial resistance and are less likely to disrupt the microbiome (normal microflora). [3] On the other hand, indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics may not only induce the development of bacterial resistance and promote the emergency of multidrug-resistant organisms, but also cause off-target effects due to dysbiosis.
Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death. [citation needed] Ticarcillin, like penicillin, contains a β-lactam ring that can be cleaved by β-lactamases, resulting in inactivation of the antibiotic. Those ...
Microbiological resistance is the most common and occurs from genes, mutated or inherited, that allow the bacteria to resist the mechanism to kill the microbe associated with certain antibiotics. Clinical resistance is shown through the failure of many therapeutic techniques where the bacteria that are normally susceptible to a treatment become ...
It works by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria. [3] Tetracycline was patented in 1953 [6] and was approved for prescription use in 1954. [7] [8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [9] Tetracycline is available as a generic medication. [3] Tetracycline was originally made from bacteria of the genus ...