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The Amu Darya (/ ˌ ɑː m uː ˈ d ɑːr j ə / AH-moo DAR-yə), [a] (Persian: آمو دریا) also shortened to Amu and historically known as the Oxus (/ ˈ ɒ k s ə s / OK-səss), [2] [b] is a major river in Central Asia, which flows through Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan.
BMAC materials have been found in the Indus Valley civilisation, on the Iranian Plateau, and in the Persian Gulf. [46] Finds within BMAC sites provide further evidence of trade and cultural contacts. They include an Elamite-type cylinder seal and a Harappan seal stamped with an elephant and Indus script found at Gonur-depe. [49]
An Indus Valley site has been found on the Oxus River at Shortugai in Afghanistan which is the northernmost site of the Indus Valley Civilisation, [29] in the Gomal River valley in northwestern Pakistan, [30] at Manda, Jammu on the Beas River near Jammu, [31] and at Alamgirpur on the Hindon River, only 28 km (17 mi) from Delhi. [32]
The Indus Basin Irrigation System is the "largest contiguous irrigation system developed over the past 140 years" anywhere in the world. [49] This has reduced the flow of water and by 2018, the average annual flow of water below the Kotri barrage was 33 billion cubic metres (43 × 10 ^ 9 cu yd), [ 50 ] and annual amount of silt discharged was ...
The Indus Valley civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) extending from what today is northwest Pakistan to northwest India and northeast Afghanistan. [4] An Indus Valley site has been found on the Oxus River at Shortugai in northern Afghanistan. [8]
The romanized form Oxus reflects the Greek form of the name (Ὸξωι), while in Bactrian the god was known as Vaxš. [a] [4] On a unique coin of the Kushan king Huvishka, the form Oaxšo (OAXϷO) has been identified. [1] Oxus was considered the divine representation of the river he shared his name with, the modern Amu Darya.
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Shortugai (Shortughai), in Darqad District of northern Afghanistan, was a trading colony of the Indus Valley civilization (or Harappan Civilization) established around 2000 BC on the Oxus river (Amu Darya) near the lapis lazuli mines. [1] [2] It is considered to be the northernmost settlement of the Indus Valley Civilization. [3] [4]