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As early as 1901, Baudot code contained separate carriage return and line feed characters. Many computer programs use the carriage return character, alone or with a line feed, to signal the end of a line of text, but other characters are also used for this function (see newline ); others use it only for a paragraph break (a "hard return").
A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and a character entity reference refers to a character by a predefined name. A numeric character reference uses the format &#nnnn; or &#xhhhh; where nnnn is the code point in decimal form, and hhhh is the code point in hexadecimal form.
Several of the characters are defined to render as a standardized variant if followed by variant indicators. A variant is defined for a zero with a short diagonal stroke: U+0030 DIGIT ZERO, U+FE00 VS1 (0︀). [9] [10] Twelve characters (#, *, and the digits) can be followed by U+FE0E VS15 or U+FE0F VS16 to create emoji variants.
Baudot developed his first multiplexed telegraph in 1872 [2] [3] and patented it in 1874. [3] [4] In 1876, he changed from a six-bit code to a five-bit code, [3] as suggested by Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber in 1834, [2] [5] with equal on and off intervals, which allowed for transmission of the Roman alphabet, and included punctuation and control signals.
There are 172 format characters in Unicode 16.0. 65 code points, the ranges U+0000 – U+001F and U+007F – U+009F, are reserved as control codes, corresponding to the C0 and C1 control codes as defined in ISO/IEC 6429. U+0089 LINE TABULATION, U+008A LINE FEED, and U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN are widely used in texts using
Unicode also contains printable characters for visually representing line feed ␊, carriage return ␍, and other C0 control codes (as well as a generic newline, ) in the Control Pictures block. Software applications and operating system representation of a newline with one or two control characters
Procedural signs in Morse code are a form of control character.. A form of control characters were introduced in the 1870 Baudot code: NUL and DEL.The 1901 Murray code added the carriage return (CR) and line feed (LF), and other versions of the Baudot code included other control characters.
U+000D CARRIAGE RETURN (CR) (used in some line-breaking conventions) U+0085 NEXT LINE (NEL) (sometimes used as a line break in text transcoded from EBCDIC) Unicode only specifies semantics for U+0009—U+000D, U+001C—U+001F, and U+0085 (the ASCII format effectors except for BS, plus the ASCII information separators and the C1 NEL).