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Recency effects are seen more with auditory stimuli rather than verbal stimuli as auditory presentation seems to protect the end of lists from output interference. [25] 3. Transposition gradients Transposition gradients refer to the fact that recall tends to be better to recognize what an item is rather than the order of items in a sequence. 4.
Although recognition of previously-studied words through a recognition memory test, in which the words are re-presented for a memory judgment, generally yields a greater response probability than the recall of previously studied words through a recall test, in which the words must be mentally retrieved from memory, Tulving found that this ...
These findings lead Bartlett to conclude that recall is predominately a reconstructive rather than reproductive process. [9] James J. Gibson built off of the work that Bartlett originally laid down, suggesting that the degree of change found in a reproduction of an episodic memory depends on how that memory is later perceived. [13]
Recognition rather than recall: Minimize the user's memory load by making objects, actions, and options visible. The user should not have to remember information from one part of the dialogue to another.
State-dependent memory is one example of encoding specificity. If an individual encodes information while intoxicated he or she, ideally, should match that state when attempting to recall the encoded information. This type of state-dependent effect is strongest with free recall rather than when strong retrieval cues are present. [16]
Recall tests require one to generate the information in its entirety, a deeper LOP, while recognition tests require one to determine if a stimulus has been previously presented, a shallow LOP. [42] Research on LOP has further supported the finding that priming effects last longer for WFC than that of other implicit memory tests.
Despite some doubting knowledge transfer across a topic when testing [35] with some studies showing contradictory evidence [36] suggesting recognition was better than recall, [37] inferential thinking has been supported [38] and the transfer of learning is at its strongest with application of theory to practice, inference questions, medical ...
Some studies suggest that auditory weakness is only present for explicit memory (direct recall), rather than implicit memory. [17] When test subjects are presented with auditory versus visual word cues, they only perform worse on directed recall of a spoken word versus a seen word, and perform about equally on implicit free-association tests.