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Hypoestrogenism, or estrogen deficiency, refers to a lower than normal level of estrogen. It is an umbrella term used to describe estrogen deficiency in various conditions. Estrogen deficiency is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, [1] and has been linked to diseases like urinary tract infections [2] and osteoporosis.
With estrogen decreasing, the structural integrity of muscles and ligaments decreases as well, and this affects the bones and joints. This is the musculoskeletal syndrome of menopause.
[25] [26] Topical estrogen has been found to have similar beneficial effects on the skin. [25] In addition, a study has found that topical 2% progesterone cream significantly increases skin elasticity and firmness and observably decreases wrinkles in peri- and postmenopausal women. [26]
Estrogen is associated with edema, including facial and abdominal swelling. Melanin. Estrogen is known to cause darkening of skin, especially in the face and areolae. [38] Pale skinned women will develop browner and yellower skin during pregnancy, as a result of the increase of estrogen, known as the "mask of pregnancy". [39]
Fluctuating hormones can result in a fluctuating waistline. That’s because as estrogen decreases, fat stores occur less in the hips and thighs and more in the midsection.
Estrogen is an essential hormone (which includes estrone, estradiol, and estriol) since it regulates the menstrual cycle, helps maintain bone density, supports reproductive health, and affects ...
This risk is decreased when progestogen therapy is given concomitantly, as opposed to estrogen alone, and also decreases with increasing time since stopping HRT. [85] Regarding the specific subtype , there may be a higher risk of serous cancer , but no association with clear cell , endometrioid , or mucinous ovarian cancer . [ 85 ]
Most commonly, estrogen decreases gradually as one goes through menopause. Braden notes that estrogen plays a large role in vulvar changes in general, and that it’s often used as a treatment for ...