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The most common ion gauge is the hot-cathode Bayard–Alpert gauge, with a small collector inside the grid. [1] A glass envelope with an opening to the vacuum can surround the electrodes, but usually the nude gauge is inserted in the vacuum chamber directly, the pins being fed through a ceramic plate in the wall of the chamber. Hot-cathode ...
Working principle. Pressure is determined by the interaction of particles with a surface, its kinetic energy, and is temperature dependent. When a particle hits a ...
The gauges that Pirani was using in the production environment were some fifty McLeod gauges, each filled with 2 kg of mercury in glass tubes. [3] Pirani was aware of the gas thermal conductivity investigations of Kundt and Warburg [4] (1875) published thirty years earlier and the work of Marian Smoluchowski [5] (1898). In 1906 he described his ...
In a photoionization detector, high-energy photons, typically in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) range, break molecules into positively charged ions. [2] As compounds enter the detector they are bombarded by high-energy UV photons and are ionized when they absorb the UV light, resulting in ejection of electrons and the formation of positively charged ions.
The measured time-dependent surface temperature of the gauge and its known thermal properties allow to recalculate the time-dependent heat flux from the heating environment onto the gauge which caused the temperature change of the gauge. This is accomplished by the theory of heat conduction into a semi-infinite body.
Gauge block, a metal or ceramic block of precisely known dimension, used in measuring; Sight glass, also known as a water gauge, for measuring liquid level heights in storage tanks and pressure vessels; Boost gauge, a gauge used in conjunction with turbo-super-chargers; Pressure gauge or vacuum gauge, see pressure measurement
Beckman Model M pH Meter, 1937 [1] Beckman model 72 pH meter, 1960 781 pH/Ion Meter pH meter by Metrohm. A pH meter is a scientific instrument that measures the hydrogen-ion activity in water-based solutions, indicating its acidity or alkalinity expressed as pH. [2]
A pyranometer (from Greek πῦρ (pyr) 'fire' and ἄνω (ano) 'above, sky') is a type of actinometer used for measuring solar irradiance on a planar surface and it is designed to measure the solar radiation flux density (W/m 2) from the hemisphere above within a wavelength range 0.3 μm to 3 μm.