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The weakness of this intelligent design supporting book is the fact that its estimates of probabilities for synchronicities, are very rough: the book is focused on finding indefinite patterns (so called "law of near enough" - events are similar but not strictly identical [55]) for small group of people but in very loosely defined vast amount of ...
The real numbers can be defined synthetically as an ordered field satisfying some version of the completeness axiom.Different versions of this axiom are all equivalent in the sense that any ordered field that satisfies one form of completeness satisfies all of them, apart from Cauchy completeness and nested intervals theorem, which are strictly weaker in that there are non Archimedean fields ...
The long real line pastes together ℵ 1 * + ℵ 1 copies of the real line plus a single point (here ℵ 1 * denotes the reversed ordering of ℵ 1) to create an ordered set that is "locally" identical to the real numbers, but somehow longer; for instance, there is an order-preserving embedding of ℵ 1 in the long real line but not in the real ...
An axiomatic definition of the real numbers consists of defining them as the elements of a complete ordered field. [2] [3] [4] This means the following: The real numbers form a set, commonly denoted , containing two distinguished elements denoted 0 and 1, and on which are defined two binary operations and one binary relation; the operations are called addition and multiplication of real ...
The law of truly large numbers (a statistical adage), attributed to Persi Diaconis and Frederick Mosteller, states that with a large enough number of independent samples, any highly implausible (i.e. unlikely in any single sample, but with constant probability strictly greater than 0 in any sample) result is likely to be observed. [1]
The same theory describes every real closed field, not just the real numbers. [6] However, there are other number systems that are not accurately described by these axioms; in particular, the theory defined in the same way for integers instead of real numbers is undecidable , even for existential sentences ( Diophantine equations ) by ...
The question of whether natural or real numbers form definite sets is therefore independent of the question of whether infinite things exist physically in nature. Proponents of intuitionism , from Kronecker onwards, reject the claim that there are actually infinite mathematical objects or sets.
The theory of real closed fields is the theory in which the primitive operations are multiplication and addition; this implies that, in this theory, the only numbers that can be defined are the real algebraic numbers. As proven by Tarski, this theory is decidable; see Tarski–Seidenberg theorem and Quantifier elimination.