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Haplogroup I-Z63, also known as I1a3 per the International Society of Genetic Genealogy ('ISOGG), is a Y chromosome haplogroup. It is correlated with a DYS456 value inferior to 15, but there are exceptions. [citation needed] I-Z63 is most common in England, Scotland, Germany, Fennoscandia [citation needed] and Poland. [1]
Haplogroup I-M438, also known as I2 (ISOGG 2019), is a human DNA Y-chromosome haplogroup, a subclade of haplogroup I-M170. Haplogroup I-M438 originated some time around 26,000–31,000 BCE. It originated in Europe and developed into several main subgroups: I2-M438*, I2a-L460, I2b-L415 and I2c-L596. [2]
The ISOGG tree has been described by academics as using the accepted nomenclature for human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and subclades in that it follows the Y Chromosome Consortium nomenclature as described in Karafet et al. 2008, [28] [29] [30] The ISOGG tree is widely cited in peer reviewed academic literature.
The Y-Chromosome Consortium for many years left individual groups to maintain this standard. In 2008, they again published a comprehensive review of tree changes and retested samples. With this work, they strengthened their recommendation to move to a nomenclature system they referred to as shorthand ( Karafet 2008 ).
The Y-chromosome accumulates approximately two mutations per generation, [3] ... is not represented in the ISOGG 2008 tree because it is a value for an STR.
Y Chromosome Consortium; ISOGG Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree ; PhyloTree's Y-tree A minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y-chromosome; Haplogroup Predictor; The Y Chromosome Consortium (2002), A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups, Genome Research, Vol. 12(2), 339–48, February 2002.
Haplogroup R-M269 is the sub-clade of human Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b that is defined by the SNP marker M269. According to ISOGG 2020 it is phylogenetically classified as R1b1a1b. It underwent intensive research and was previously classified as R1b1a2 (2003 to 2005), R1b1c (2005 to 2008), R1b1b2 (2008 to 2011) and R1b1a1a2 (2011 to 2020). [7]
Haplogroup C is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup, defined by UEPs M130/RPS4Y711, P184, ... ISOGG 2006: ISOGG 2007: ISOGG 2008: ISOGG 2009: ISOGG 2010: ISOGG 2011 ...