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[a] [b] It is possible aluminium-containing alloys were produced in China during the reign of the first Jin dynasty (266–420). [c] After the Crusades, alum was a commodity of international commerce; [9] it was indispensable in the European fabric industry. [10] Small alum mines were worked in Catholic Europe but most alum came from the Middle ...
The metals of antiquity are the seven metals which humans had identified and found use for in prehistoric times in Africa, Europe and throughout Asia: [1] gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron, and mercury. Zinc, arsenic, and antimony were also known during antiquity, but they were not recognised as distinct metals until later.
Kitchen utensils in bronze discovered in Pompeii. Illustration by Hercule Catenacci in 1864. Benjamin Thompson noted at the start of the 19th century that kitchen utensils were commonly made of copper, with various efforts made to prevent the copper from reacting with food (particularly its acidic contents) at the temperatures used for cooking, including tinning, enamelling, and varnishing.
Ancient Greek casserole and brazier, 6th/4th century BC, exhibited in the Ancient Agora Museum in Athens, housed in the Stoa of Attalus. Two cooking pots (Grapen) from medieval Hamburg c. 1200 –1400 AD Replica of a Viking cooking-pot hanging over a fire Kitchen in the Uphagen's House in Long Market, Gdańsk, Poland
Roman silver ingot, Britain, 1st–4th centuries AD Lead ingots from Roman Britain. Metals and metal working had been known to the people of modern Italy since the Bronze Age.By 53 BC, Rome had expanded to control an immense expanse of the Mediterranean.
Frying pans typically resemble skillets (hence the name frying pan) in that they have a diameter of 20 to 28 cm (7.9 to 11 in), a raised lip and a handle.However, all the decoration tends to be on the outside rim and on the base.
Historic pewter, faience and glass tableware. In recent centuries, flatware is commonly made of ceramic materials such as earthenware, stoneware, bone china or porcelain.The popularity of ceramics is at least partially due to the use of glazes as these ensure the ware is impermeable, reduce the adherence of pollutants and ease washing.
Western Europe Stone tools Sterkfontein Member 5 [51] 1.1-1.6 South Africa Southern Africa Stone tools, Homo and Paranthropus remains Barranco León [52] 1.2-1.4 Spain Western Europe Stone tools, animal bones, bone flakes Bois de Riquet US 2 [53] [54] 1.2 France Western Europe Stone tools Wolo Sege, So'a Basin [55] 1 Flores, Indonesia Island ...