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In part, ACTFL's definition of proficiency is derived from mandates issued by the U.S. government, declaring that a limited English proficient student is one who comes from a non-English background and "who has sufficient difficulty speaking, reading, writing, or understanding the English language and whose difficulties may deny such an ...
An example of near-native speakers are non-native language teachers. Since non-native English-speaking teachers need to teach their second language in their daily lives to be competent language teachers, [24] they have to continuously train their linguistic ability and capacity in the second language. Hence, teaching it daily helps to increase ...
Some lists of common words distinguish between word forms, while others rank all forms of a word as a single lexeme (the form of the word as it would appear in a dictionary). For example, the lexeme be (as in to be) comprises all its conjugations (is, was, am, are, were, etc.), and contractions of those conjugations. [5]
The way words are often used together. For example, “do the dishes” and “do homework”, but “make the bed” and “make noise”. Colloquialism A word or phrase used in conversation – usually in small regions of the English-speaking world – but not in formal speech or writing: “Like, this dude came onto her real bad.”
The knowledge of the 3000 most frequent English word families or the 5000 most frequent words provides 95% vocabulary coverage of spoken discourse. [21] For minimal reading comprehension a threshold of 3,000 word families (5,000 lexical items) was suggested [ 22 ] [ 23 ] and for reading for pleasure 5,000 word families (8,000 lexical items) are ...
Students were less proficient than they appeared because they were able "to converse on a few every day, frequently discussed subjects" but often lacked proficiency in academic language. [2] Carolyn Edelsky was an early critic of the BICS/CALP distinction, arguing that academic language is measured inaccurately by relying on "test-wiseness". [2]
Proficiency may refer to: Language proficiency, the ability of an individual to speak or perform in an acquired language; Expertise; Skill, the learned capacity to carry out predetermined results often with the minimum outlay of time, energy, or both; Uncertainty coefficient, an information-theoretic measure of nominal association
It is also used to characterize language production, language ability or language proficiency. In speech language pathology it means the flow with which sounds, syllables, words and phrases are joined when speaking quickly, where fluency disorder has been used as a collective term for cluttering and stuttering .