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  2. Valve timing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_timing

    The amount in crankshaft degrees by which the valves open before top dead centre or bottom dead centre is reached is known as valve lead. The amount in crankshaft by which the valves close after top dead centre or bottom dead centre is reached is known as valve lag. Valve overlap is a secondary means to cool exhaust valves with intake air ...

  3. Dead centre (engineering) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_centre_(engineering)

    Top dead center in a gasoline engine. In a reciprocating engine, the dead centre is the position of a piston in which it is either farthest from, or nearest to, the crankshaft. The former is known as top dead centre (TDC) while the latter is known as bottom dead centre (BDC). [1] Position of pistons

  4. Piston valve (steam engine) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_valve_(steam_engine)

    Calculate the angle whose cosine is twice the (lap plus lead), divided by the valve travel; Add the two angles and take the cosine of their sum; subtract 1 from that cosine and multiply the result by -50. As built the Pennsylvania's I1s 2-10-0 had lap 2 inches, lead 1/4 inch and valve travel 6 inches in full gear. In full gear the two angles ...

  5. Desmodromic valve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmodromic_valve

    In traditional spring-valve actuation, as engine speed increases, the inertia of the valve will eventually overcome the spring's ability to close it completely before the piston reaches top dead centre (TDC). This can lead to several problems. First, the valve does not completely return to its seat before combustion begins.

  6. Ignition timing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_timing

    Sparks occurring after top dead center (ATDC) are usually counter-productive (producing wasted spark, back-fire, engine knock, etc.) unless there is need for a supplemental or continuing spark prior to the exhaust stroke. Setting the correct ignition timing is crucial in the performance of an engine. Sparks occurring too soon or too late in the ...

  7. Engine balance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_balance

    This is because the big end of the connecting rod swings from side to side, so that the motion of the small end deviates from ideal sinusoidal motion between top and bottom dead centre on each swing, i.e. twice per crank revolution, and the distance the small end (and a piston connected to it) has to travel in the top 180° of crankshaft ...

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  9. Four-stroke engine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke_engine

    This stroke of the piston begins at top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing a partial vacuum (negative pressure) in the cylinder through its downward motion.