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A visual representation of a finite sample space and events. The red oval is the event that a number is odd, and the blue oval is the event that a number is prime. A sample space can be represented visually by a rectangle, with the outcomes of the sample space denoted by points within the rectangle.
In probability theory, an outcome is a possible result of an experiment or trial. [1] Each possible outcome of a particular experiment is unique, and different outcomes are mutually exclusive (only one outcome will occur on each trial of the experiment). All of the possible outcomes of an experiment form the elements of a sample space. [2]
An integer is even if it is divisible by 2, and odd if it is not. [1] For example, −4, 0, and 82 are even numbers, while −3, 5, 7, and 21 are odd numbers. The above definition of parity applies only to integer numbers, hence it cannot be applied to numbers like 1/2 or 4.201.
The 2-order of n is written ν 2 (n) or ord 2 (n). It is not to be confused with the multiplicative order modulo 2. The 2-order provides a unified description of various classes of integers defined by evenness: Odd numbers are those with ν 2 (n) = 0, i.e., integers of the form 2m + 1. Even numbers are those with ν 2 (n) > 0, i.e., integers of ...
Graphs of probability P of not observing independent events each of probability p after n Bernoulli trials vs np for various p.Three examples are shown: Blue curve: Throwing a 6-sided die 6 times gives a 33.5% chance that 6 (or any other given number) never turns up; it can be observed that as n increases, the probability of a 1/n-chance event never appearing after n tries rapidly converges to ...
even though 341 = 11·31 is composite. In fact, 341 is the smallest pseudoprime base 2 (see Figure 1 of [3]). There are only 21853 pseudoprimes base 2 that are less than 2.5 × 10 10 (see page 1005 of [3]). This means that, for n up to 2.5 × 10 10, if 2 n −1 (modulo n) equals 1, then n is prime, unless n is one of these 21853 pseudoprimes.
Using fast algorithms for modular exponentiation and multiprecision multiplication, the running time of this algorithm is O(k log 2 n log log n) = Õ(k log 2 n), where k is the number of times we test a random a, and n is the value we want to test for primality; see Miller–Rabin primality test for details.
The last two digits form a number that is divisible by 4. [2] [3] 40,832: 32 is divisible by 4. If the tens digit is even, the ones digit must be 0, 4, or 8. If the tens digit is odd, the ones digit must be 2 or 6. 40,832: 3 is odd, and the last digit is 2. The sum of the ones digit and double the tens digit is divisible by 4.