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Modal dispersion occurs even with an ideal, monochromatic light source. A special case of modal dispersion is polarization mode dispersion (PMD), a fiber dispersion phenomenon usually associated with single-mode fibers. PMD results when two modes that normally travel at the same speed due to fiber core geometric and stress symmetry (for example ...
Dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency. [1] Sometimes the term chromatic dispersion is used to refer to optics specifically, as opposed to wave propagation in general. A medium having this common property may be termed a dispersive medium.
In optics, the allowed (optical) modes are restricted by the boundary conditions imposed by the system in which they exist (e.g., in an optical fiber or an optical cavity) and are thus solutions to the Helmholtz equation. For example, the Hermite-Gauss optical modes are typically used to describe beams produced in spherical mirror cavities.
Dispersion in optical fibers is caused by a variety of factors. Intermodal dispersion, caused by the different axial speeds of different transverse modes, limits the performance of multi-mode fiber. Because single-mode fiber supports only one transverse mode, intermodal dispersion is eliminated.
The equipment used for communications over multi-mode optical fiber is less expensive than that for single-mode optical fiber. [1] Typical transmission speed and distance limits are 100 Mbit/s for distances up to 2 km (), 1 Gbit/s up to 1000 m, and 10 Gbit/s up to 550 m.
In fiber-optic communication, an intramodal dispersion, is a category of dispersion that occurs within a single mode optical fiber. [1] This dispersion mechanism is a result of material properties of optical fiber and applies to both single-mode and multi-mode fibers.
Chromo-modal dispersion (CMD) results from exciting various modes of a multimode waveguide with unique spectral components of a broadband optical signal. [1] Modal dispersion during propagation in the waveguide then provides group velocity dispersion to the signal.
The name "dispersion relation" originally comes from optics. It is possible to make the effective speed of light dependent on wavelength by making light pass through a material which has a non-constant index of refraction , or by using light in a non-uniform medium such as a waveguide .