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Not only can they themselves be eaten, but excrement from giant clams contains live zooxanthellae. [19] Opportunistic feeders and clams alike use excreted zooxanthellae as a nutrient source. [ 19 ] The consumption of zooxanthellae is especially vital for a clam in its veliger stage as it encourages growth. [ 19 ]
Coral bleaching is the result of the loss of vital zooxanthellae; any of the stressors can cause bleaching. [14] The corals expel their symbionts because they are trying to get rid of any foreign bodies that might be causing them stress. Corals can survive up to a week without the zooxanthellae, but it is difficult. [15]
Coral can survive short-term disturbances, but if the conditions that lead to the expulsion of the zooxanthellae persist, the coral's chances of survival diminish. In order to recover from bleaching, the zooxanthellae have to re-enter the tissues of the coral polyps and restart photosynthesis to sustain the coral as a whole and the ecosystem ...
There is a symbiotic relationship between coral polyps and the photosynthesising algae called zooxanthellae, without which, neither would survive. When sea surface temperatures exceed approximately 29 °C or more, even for a couple of days, the relationship between the coral and its zooxanthellae becomes unbalanced. [5]
Symbiodiniaceae is a family of marine dinoflagellates notable for their symbiotic associations with reef-building corals, [1] sea anemones, [2] jellyfish, [3] marine sponges, [4] giant clams, [5] acoel flatworms, [6] and other marine invertebrates.
Like sea level rise, a rapidly subsiding bottom can overwhelm coral growth, killing the coral and the reef, due to what is called coral drowning. [23] Corals that rely on zooxanthellae can die when the water becomes too deep for their symbionts to adequately photosynthesize, due to decreased light exposure. [24]
During this time, only 11 families were known to contain corals that can be classified as truly reef-building. All scleractinian families considered here are zooxanthellates (contain photo-endo-symbiontic zooxanthellae). However, in 2022 there are more than 30 families determined under the Scleractinia (according to the World Register of Marine ...
Consequently, the term "gorgonian coral" is commonly handed to multiple species in the order Alcyonacea that produce a mineralized skeletal axis (or axial-like layer) composed of calcite and the proteinaceous material gorgonin only and corresponds to only one of several families within the formally accepted taxon Gorgoniidae (Scleractinia).