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Rotor clouds have ragged leeward edges and are dangerously turbulent. [4] A foehn wall cloud may exist at the lee side of the mountains, however this is not a reliable indication of the presence of lee waves. A pileus or cap cloud, similar to a lenticular cloud, may form above the mountain or cumulus cloud generating the wave.
Two generic types of wave turbulence should be distinguished: statistical wave turbulence (SWT) and discrete wave turbulence (DWT). In SWT theory exact and quasi-resonances are omitted, which allows using some statistical assumptions and describing the wave system by kinetic equations and their stationary solutions – the approach developed by Vladimir E. Zakharov.
Wind flow over a mountain produces oscillations (A), (B) etc. Mountain waves are formed when four requirements are met. When these factors coincide with jet streams, CAT can occur: A mountain range, not an isolated mountain; Strong perpendicular wind; Wind direction maintained with altitude; Temperature inversion at the top of the mountain range
In fluid dynamics, Airy wave theory (often referred to as linear wave theory) gives a linearised description of the propagation of gravity waves on the surface of a homogeneous fluid layer. The theory assumes that the fluid layer has a uniform mean depth, and that the fluid flow is inviscid, incompressible and irrotational.
The island generates wave motion in the wind passing over it, creating regularly spaced orographic clouds. The wave crests raise and cool the air to form clouds, while the troughs remain too low for cloud formation. Note that while the wave motion is generated by orographic lift, it is not required. In other words, one cloud often forms at the ...
A lenticular cloud covers the summit crater of Mayon Volcano, Philippines.. As air travels along the surface of the Earth, obstructions are often encountered, including natural features, such as mountains or hills, and artificial structures, such as buildings and other constructions, which disrupt the flow of air into "eddies", or areas of turbulence.
The Mountain Wave Project (MWP) pursues global scientific research of gravity waves and associated turbulence. MWP seeks to develop new scientific insights and knowledge through high altitude and record seeking glider flights with the goal of increasing overall flight safety and improving pilot training.
The causes of the Foehn effect in the lee of mountains (adapted from: [1]) Dissolving Föhn clouds over Cumbre Nueva, La Palma, at an elevation of 1,400 m (4,600 ft) A Foehn, or Föhn (UK: / f ɜː n /, US: / f eɪ n / fayn, [2] [3] US also / f ʌ n, f ɜːr n / fu(r)n [4] [5]), is a type of dry, relatively warm downslope wind in the lee of a mountain range.