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A simplification of an allopatric speciation experiment where two lines of fruit flies are raised on maltose and starch media. Laboratory experiments of speciation have been conducted for all four modes of speciation: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric; and various other processes involving speciation: hybridization, reinforcement, founder effects, among others.
Hybridization is considered to be an evolutionary catalyst capable of generating novel genotypes or phenotypes in a single generation. [1] [2] It can also happen with morphologically dissimilar but closely related species (Example: Helianthus giganteus, the giant sunflower). [4]
Plant breeders also manipulate their subjects to hybridize in order to optimize their hardiness, appearance, or whatever desired traits they want to select for. [1] This type of hybridization has been particularly impactful for the production of many crop species, including but not limited to: certain types of rice, corn, wheat, barley, and rye.
Hybridization without change in chromosome number is called homoploid hybrid speciation. [1] This is the situation found in most animal hybrids. For a hybrid to be viable, the chromosomes of the two organisms will have to be very similar, i.e., the parent species must be closely related, or else the difference in chromosome arrangement will ...
Fused protoplast (left) with chloroplasts (from a leaf cell) and coloured vacuole (from a petal) Somatic fusion, also called protoplast fusion, is a type of genetic modification in plants by which two distinct species of plants are fused together to form a new hybrid plant with the characteristics of both, a somatic hybrid. [1]
All three species are separated by intrinsic reproductive barriers [1] Secondary contact is the process in which two allopatrically distributed populations of a species are geographically reunited. This contact allows for the potential for the exchange of genes, dependent on how reproductively isolated the two populations have become.
Alternatives to hybridization include open pollination and clonal propagation. [ 2 ] An important factor is the heterosis that results from the genetic differences between the parents, which can produce higher yield and faster growth rate.
Hybrid Rice. Hybrid rice is a type of Asian rice that has been crossbred from two very different parent varieties. [1] As with other types of hybrids, hybrid rice typically displays heterosis or "hybrid vigor", so when grown under the same conditions as comparable purebred rice varieties, it can produce up to 30% more yield. [2]