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Frost damage can occur as cracks, stone splinters and swelling of the material. When water freezes, the volume of water increases by 9 %. [citation needed] When the volumetric moisture content exceeds 91 %, then the volume increase of water in the pores of the material caused by freezing cannot be absorbed by sufficient empty pores. This causes ...
Rising damp is the common term for the transport of water in the lower sections of walls and other ground-supported structures by capillary action in porous materials. [25] Although rising damp of up to 5 metres (20') in height has been observed [ 26 ] the height of rise is typically much lower and is rarely above 1.5 metres (5').
Air brick: A brick with perforations to allow the passage of air through a wall. Usually used to permit the ventilation of underfloor areas. Bat: A cut brick. A quarter bat is one-quarter the length of a stretcher. A half-bat is one-half. [1] Bullnose: Rounded edges are useful for window sills, and capping on low and freestanding walls.
A pressure washer is the best tool for cleaning most home exteriors, but with brick and limewash-treated brick, you'll want to lower the PSI drastically to avoid removing that hard-earned patina.
If there are cracks or problems in the actual bricks or stone masonry there could be a larger problem that also needs to be addressed. If there is a larger issue, repointing may cause further damage. If a historic structure needs repointing, building owners usually hire an architectural historian or conservator to help pinpoint the issues. [ 2 ]
Although good-quality bricks may outlast civilizations, the mortar that bonds them can crack and crumble after a number of years. Water penetration is the greatest degrader of mortar, and different mortar joints allow for varying degrees of water-resistance.
Oxide jacking has caused concrete spalling on walls of the Herbst Pavilion at Fort Mason Center in San Francisco. The expansive force of rusting, which may be called oxide jacking or rust burst, is a phenomenon that can cause damage to structures made of stone, masonry, concrete or ceramics, and reinforced with metal components.
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